Circuit Techniques to Improve Low-Light Characteristics and High-Accuracy Evaluation System for CMOS Image Sensor.

The surveillance cameras we focus on target the volume zone, and area reduction is a top priority. However, by simplifying the ADC comparator, we face a new RUSH current issue, for which we propose a circuit solution. This paper proposes two novel techniques of column-ADC for surveillance cameras to improve low-light characteristics.

Coronary artery aneurysm complicated by pneumothorax with a history of Kawasaki disease.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is a common vasculitis disorder of childhood. It can sometimes complicate coronary artery aneurysms, and treatment is required depending on the condition of stenosis. A 20-year-old man was referred for surgery with a coronary artery aneurysm and stenosis in the left coronary artery as sequelae of KD.

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices.

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from parallel fibers (PF) to Purkinje cells (PC) is considered the basis for motor learning, and deficiencies of both LTD and motor learning are observed in various gene-manipulated animals. Common motor learning sets, such as adaptation of the optokinetic reflex (OKR), the vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR), and rotarod test were used for evaluation of motor learning ability.

Dramatic response to nivolumab after local radiotherapy in pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma with rapid progressive post-surgical recurrence.

Pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma (PPC) is resistant to anticancer drug treatment, outcomes are poor, and no standard therapy has been established. High PD-L1 expression has been found in PPCs, suggesting the possible efficacy of an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) in cancer immunotherapy; however, this approach requires further investigation through case accumulation. Herein, we report a case of rapid recurrence and progression of PPC early after surgery in a 70-year-old male ex-smoker.

Sudden Death Due to Recent Hemorrhage From an Intrathoracic Chronic Expanding Hematoma.

Chronic expanding hematoma (CEH) is a rare disease that can develop in any region of the body, but it most frequently develops in the thorax. When intrathoracic CEH is left untreated, gradually expanding hematoma can be life-threatening, leading to respiratory failure or hemoptysis. We encountered an 89-year-old man with cardiopulmonary arrest on arrival.

Tandem internal models execute motor learning in the cerebellum.

In performing skillful movement, humans use predictions from internal models formed by repetition learning. However, the computational organization of internal models in the brain remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a computational architecture employing a tandem configuration of forward and inverse internal models enables efficient motor learning in the cerebellum.

Tuberculous pleurisy mimicking Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in a previously healthy young adult: A case report.

Ratonale: Sometimes, pleural effusion accompanying an acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection or tuberculous pleurisy has similar analysis results. We report a case of tuberculous pleurisy which was initially diagnosed as acute M pneumoniae infection, which is of special interest because anti-Mycoplasma antibody results were positive, which served as a red herring.

Patient Concerns: A 20-year-old woman visited the outpatient emergency romm of our hospital for chief complaints of high fever, dry cough, and pleuralgia persiting for 2 days.

Reassessment of long-term depression in cerebellar Purkinje cells in mice carrying mutated GluA2 C terminus.

Long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission from parallel fibers (PFs) to a Purkinje cell (PC) in the cerebellum has been considered to be a core mechanism of motor learning. Recently, however, discrepancies between LTD and motor learning have been reported in mice with a mutation that targeted the expression of PF-PC LTD by blocking AMPA-subtype glutamate receptor internalization regulated via the phosphorylation of AMPA receptors. In these mice, motor learning behavior was normal, but no PF-PC LTD was observed.

Oxalate nephropathy in free-living American bullfrog tadpoles.

In February 2014, wild American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles from an artificial pond in the Kyusyu region, Japan, presented with coelomic and subcutaneous edema and erythema within the skin. A pathological examination of 57 tadpoles of American bullfrogs in the region was conducted to evaluate the disease. Crystal deposition of varying degrees was found in the kidneys of 35 tadpoles (61.

Synergistic regulation of cerebellar Purkinje neuron development by laminin epitopes and collagen on an artificial hybrid matrix construct.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) creates a dynamic environment around the cells in the developing central nervous system, providing them with the necessary biochemical and biophysical signals. Although the functions of many ECM molecules in neuronal development have been individually studied in detail, the combinatorial effects of multiple ECM components are not well characterized. Here we demonstrate that the expression of collagen and laminin-1 (lam-1) are spatially and temporally correlated during embryonic and post-natal development of the cerebellum.

Long-term depression as a model of cerebellar plasticity.

Long-term depression (LTD) here concerned is persistent attenuation of transmission efficiency from a bundle of parallel fibers to a Purkinje cell. Uniquely, LTD is induced by conjunctive activation of the parallel fibers and the climbing fiber that innervates that Purkinje cell. Cellular and molecular processes underlying LTD occur postsynaptically.

Consensus paper: the cerebellum's role in movement and cognition.

While the cerebellum's role in motor function is well recognized, the nature of its concurrent role in cognitive function remains considerably less clear. The current consensus paper gathers diverse views on a variety of important roles played by the cerebellum across a range of cognitive and emotional functions. This paper considers the cerebellum in relation to neurocognitive development, language function, working memory, executive function, and the development of cerebellar internal control models and reflects upon some of the ways in which better understanding the cerebellum's status as a "supervised learning machine" can enrich our ability to understand human function and adaptation.

Orexin-neuromodulated cerebellar circuit controls redistribution of arterial blood flows for defense behavior in rabbits.

We investigated a unique microzone of the cerebellum located in folium-p (fp) of rabbit flocculus. In fp, Purkinje cells were potently excited by stimulation of the hypothalamus or mesencephalic periaqueductal gray, which induced defense reactions. Using multiple neuroscience techniques, we determined that this excitation was mediated via beaded axons of orexinergic hypothalamic neurons passing collaterals through the mesencephalic periaqueductal gray.

Error detection and representation in the olivo-cerebellar system.

Complex spikes generated in a cerebellar Purkinje cell via a climbing fiber have been assumed to encode errors in the performance of neuronal circuits involving Purkinje cells. To reexamine this notion in this review, I analyzed structures of motor control systems involving the cerebellum. A dichotomy was found between the two types of error: sensory and motor errors play roles in the feedforward and feedback control conditions, respectively.

Cryptic bumblebee species: consequences for conservation and the trade in greenhouse pollinators.

Commercial greenhouse growers in both Japan and China are increasingly using reared orange-tailed bumblebees known previously as Bombus hypocrita Pérez as pollinators. Phylogenetic analysis of the DNA (COI) barcodes with Bayesian methods shows that this "species" is a long-standing confusion of two cryptic species. We find that the orange-tailed bumblebees in North China are actually part of the widespread Russian (otherwise white-tailed) B.

In vitro and in vivo transdermal iontophoretic delivery of naloxone, an opioid antagonist.

Aim: The feasibility of transdermal delivery of naloxone, an opioid antagonist, by anodal iontophoresis patches using Ag/AgCl electrodes was investigated.

Methods: To examine the effect of current strength, species variation and drug concentration on skin permeability of naloxone, in vitro skin permeation studies were performed using rat dorsal skin and porcine ear skin as the membrane. To determine in vivo transdermal absorption rate of naloxone, the iontophoretic patch system was applied to the dorsal skin of conscious rat with a constant current supply for 24h.

A hybrid nanofiber matrix to control the survival and maturation of brain neurons.

Scaffold design plays a crucial role in developing graft-based regenerative strategies, especially when intended to be used in a highly ordered nerve tissue. Here we describe a hybrid matrix approach, which combines the structural properties of collagen (type I) with the epitope-presenting ability of peptide amphiphile (PA) nanofibers. Self-assembly of PA and collagen molecules results in a nanofibrous scaffold with homogeneous fiber diameter of 20-30 nm, where the number of laminin epitopes IKVAV and YIGSR can be varied by changing the PA concentrations over a broad range of 0.

In-vitro and in-vivo transdermal iontophoretic delivery of tramadol, a centrally acting analgesic.

Objectives: The feasibility of transdermal delivery of tramadol, a centrally acting analgesic, by anodal iontophoresis using Ag/AgCl electrodes was investigated in vitro and in vivo.

Methods: To examine the effect of species variation and current strength on skin permeability of tramadol, in-vitro skin permeation studies were performed using porcine ear skin, guinea-pig abdominal skin and hairless mouse abdominal skin as the membrane. In an in-vivo pharmacokinetic study, an iontophoretic patch system was applied to the abdominal skin of conscious guinea pigs with a constant current supply (250 µA/cm(2)) for 6 h.

Evolutionarily conserved bias of amino-acid usage refines the definition of PDZ-binding motif.

Background: The interactions between PDZ (PSD-95, Dlg, ZO-1) domains and PDZ-binding motifs play central roles in signal transductions within cells. Proteins with PDZ domains bind to PDZ-binding motifs almost exclusively when the motifs are located at the carboxyl (C-) terminal ends of their binding partners. However, it remains little explored whether PDZ-binding motifs show any preferential location at the C-terminal ends of proteins, at genome-level.

Asymmetrical allocation of mitochondrial DNA to blastomeres during the first two cleavages in mouse embryos.

A recent report showed higher oxygen consumption, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and mitochondrial localisation in trophectoderm cells than in the inner cell mass of mouse blastocysts. We hypothesised that this phenomenon was due to the asymmetrical distribution of mitochondria in the blastomeres during the earlier stages. Oocytes, 2-cell embryos and 4-cell embryos were analysed to determine the volume, ATP content and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in the whole egg and individual blastomeres.

Lipid signaling in cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha-cyclooxygenase-2 cascade mediates cerebellar long-term depression and motor learning.

In this study, we show the crucial roles of lipid signaling in long-term depression (LTD), that is, synaptic plasticity prevailing in cerebellar Purkinje cells. In mouse brain slices, we found that cPLA(2)alpha knockout blocked LTD induction, which was rescued by replenishing arachidonic acid (AA) or prostaglandin (PG) D(2) or E(2). Moreover, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors block LTD, which is rescued by supplementing PGD(2)/E(2).

Design, synthesis and biological evaluations of novel 7-[3-(1-aminocycloalkyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-6-desfluoro-8-methoxyquinolones with potent antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant Gram-positive bacteria.

A series of novel 6-desfluoro [des-F(6)] and 6-fluoro-1-[(1R,2S)-2-fluorocyclopropan-1-yl]-8-methoxyquinolones bearing 3-(1-aminocycloalkyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl substituents at the C-7 position (1-6) was synthesized to obtain potent drugs for nosocomial infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens. The des-F(6) compounds 4-6 exhibited at least four times more potent activity against representative Gram-positive bacteria than ciprofloxacin or moxifloxacin. Among the derivatives, 7-[(3R)-3-(1-aminocyclopropan-1-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl] derivative 4, which showed favorable profiles in preliminary toxicological and non-clinical pharmacokinetic studies, exhibited potent antibacterial activity against clinically isolated Gram-positive pathogens that had become resistant to one or more antibiotics.

Dual involvement of G-substrate in motor learning revealed by gene deletion.

In this study, we generated mice lacking the gene for G-substrate, a specific substrate for cGMP-dependent protein kinase uniquely located in cerebellar Purkinje cells, and explored their specific functional deficits. G-substrate-deficient Purkinje cells in slices obtained at postnatal weeks (PWs) 10-15 maintained electrophysiological properties essentially similar to those from WT littermates. Conjunction of parallel fiber stimulation and depolarizing pulses induced long-term depression (LTD) normally.

[Regression of metastatic hepatic cancer from gastric cancer by polysaccharide K and UFT administration--a case report].

Various treatments for hepatic metastasis of gastric cancer have been attempted, but problems remain with respect to long-term effectiveness and recurrence. Case reports have indicated the tumor regression effect of polysaccharide K(PSK)combined with chemotherapy, and meta-analysis has shown that PSK combined with chemotherapy improves the prognosis compared to chemotherapy alone. However, marked improvement of disease following PSK administration is rarely reported.