Beyond consciousness: Ethical, legal, and social issues in human brain organoid research and application.

This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the ethical, legal and social issues in human brain organoid research, with a view to different types of research and applications: in vitro research, transplantation into non-human animals, and biocomputing. Despite the academic and societal attention on the possibility that human brain organoids may be conscious, we have identified diverse issues in human brain organoid research and applications. To guide the complex terrain of human brain organoid research and applications, a multidisciplinary approach that integrates ethical, legal, and social perspectives is essential.

Evaluating neuroprivacy concerns in human brain organoid research.

Neuroprivacy, or the privacy of neural data, has attracted considerable interest. Here, we explore the implications of neuroprivacy in human brain organoid research, detailing different interpretations of this right. Findings suggest a limited connection between neuroprivacy and brain organoid research, underscoring the importance of further examination of this critical issue.

The ethical and legal challenges of human foetal brain tissue-derived organoids : At the intersection of science, ethics, and regulation.

The recent generation of brain organoids from human foetal tissue highlights the need for nuanced ethical considerations and international coordination to navigate the complexities of this research and its broader implications for developmental neuroscience and ethical debates. [Image: see text]

The Donation of Human Biological Material for Brain Organoid Research: The Problems of Consciousness and Consent.

Human brain organoids are three-dimensional masses of tissues derived from human stem cells that partially recapitulate the characteristics of the human brain. They have promising applications in many fields, from basic research to applied medicine. However, ethical concerns have been raised regarding the use of human brain organoids.

The Ethics of Human Brain Organoid Transplantation in Animals.

In this paper, we outline how one might conduct a comprehensive ethical evaluation of human brain organoid transplantation in animals. Thus far, ethical concerns regarding this type of research have been assumed to be similar to those associated with other transplants of human cells in animals, and have therefore not received significant attention. The focus has been only on the welfare, moral status, or mental capacities of the host animal.

The legal personhood of human brain organoids.

Research using three-dimensional neural tissues derived from human pluripotent stem cells-known as 'human brain organoids'-has progressed rapidly in recent years. Although related ethical issues have been intensively discussed, legal issues have only been sparsely examined compared with the related ethical issues. In this paper, we explore a fundamental issue concerning the legal status of human brain organoids: whether they can be considered legal persons.

The importance of accurate representation of human brain organoid research.

Representations of brain organoids in the media are often negatively or positively exaggerated without appropriate discussion. Here, we examine two topics (the possibility of consciousness and medical applications) and call on scientists, ethicists, and the media to represent brain organoid research and its ethical issues more accurately.

Peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs) with pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4,5,7-(1H,3H,6H,8H)-tetraone (PPT) as a universal base: their synthesis and binding affinity for oligodeoxyribonucleotides.

Peptide-nucleic acids (PNAs) including pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4,5,7-(1H,3H,6H,8H)-tetraone (PPT) as a nucleobase were synthesized, and their binding affinity for the complementary oligodeoxyribonucleotides was investigated. We found that PNAs with one or two PPT(s) and natural nucleobases (i.e.

Binding affinity of a peptide nucleic acid containing pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4,5,7-(1H,3H,6H,8H)-tetraone as a nucleobase for oligonucleotides.

In order to examine the potentiality as a universal nucleobase of pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4,5,7-(1H,3H,6H,8H)-tetraone (PPT) incorporated in a peptide-nucleic acid (PNA), we synthesized a PNA with PPT, that is H-Gly-CCT(PPT)TCC-Lys-NH2, and investigated the duplex-formation ability of this PNA for the oligodeoxyribonucleotide, (5')GGAXAGG(3') (X = A, G, C or T) on the basis of the Tmvalue of a 1:1 mixture of the PNA and the oligonucleotide. As a result, we found that H-Gly-CCT(PPT)TCC-Lys-NH2 has good binding affinity for all the tested oligonucleotides, i.e.

The evaluation of whole-body plethysmography as a semiautomated method for analysis of emesis in the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus).

We analyzed the cisplatin-induced emetic responses of Suncus murinus by observation of both videorecorded behavior and changes in peak expiratory flow (PEF) as monitored by whole-body plethysmography. Analysis of the PEF data by use of a macro program revealed emesis-related changes in PEF. Cisplatin dose-response curves obtained by both methods showed similar emesis profiles.

A ribonucleoside with pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4,5,7-(1H,3H,6H,8H)-tetraone as a nucleobase, which universally binds to natural nucleosides.

A ribonucleoside with pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4,5,7-(1H,3H,6H,8H)-tetraone, which is expected to serve as a universal base, was synthesized and binding affinity of this artificial nucleoside to natural nucleosides was investigated by UV analysis. As the result, it was revealed that the artificial derivative universally forms a base pair with four kinds of natural deoxyribonucleosides.

Synthesis of a peptide nucleic acid oligomer with pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4,5,7-(1H,3H,6H,8H)-tetraone as a nucleobase.

A peptide nucleic acid (PNA) oligomer containing pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4,5,7-(1H,3H,6H,8H)-tetraone (PPT) as a nucleobase, which is expected to serve as a universal base, was synthesized.

Pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4,5,7-(1H, 3H, 6H, 8H)-tetraone as a novel universal base.

A derivative of pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine-2,4,5,7-(1H,3H,6H,8H)-tetraone (PPT), which may form various keto-enol tautomers suitable for forming base pairs with all natural bases, and is thus expected to serve as a universal base, was synthesized. The ability of PPT to form base pairs with natural bases was evaluated by UV analysis.

Internucleotide-linkage formation via the phosphoramidite method using a carboxylic acid as a promoter.

This paper describes utility of a carboxylic acid, such as 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid, as a promoter for internucleotide-linkage formation via the phosphoramidite method.

Utility of Porous Glass with a new long-chain alkylamine spacer arm as a solid support for synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides via the phosphoramidite method.

Porous Glass with an [[N-(2-aminoethyl)aminomethyl]phenyl]ethylsilyl spacer arm serving as a useful solid support in the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides via the phosphoramidite strategy.

Effect of heparinoid on the production of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-3 in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts.

Heparinoid is one of the major contents of Mobilat widely used as an antirheumatic drug. To clarify the precise mechanisms of the antirheumatic effect of heparinoid, we investigated its effects on the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) from rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts stimulated (or not) with interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1alpha) at 100 units mL(-1). The expression of TIMP-3 mRNA was also investigated in a similar manner.