Effect of the quantity and quality of cortical bone on the failure force of a miniscrew implant.

This study examined the influence of the quantity and quality of cortical bone on the failure force of miniscrew implants. Twenty-six titanium alloy miniscrew implants (AbsoAnchor) 1.4mm in diameter and 5 or 7 mm long were placed in cross-sectioned maxillae (n = 6) and mandibles (n = 20) of human cadavers.

Interannual variation in leaf photosynthetic capacity during summer in relation to nitrogen, leaf mass per area and climate within a Fagus crenata crown on Naeba Mountain, Japan.

During the summers (July and August) of 2002-2005, we measured interannual variation in maximum carboxylation rate (V(cmax)) within a Fagus crenata Blume crown in relation to climate variables such as air temperature, daytime vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and daily photosynthetic photon flux, leaf nitrogen per unit area (N(a)) and leaf mass per unit area (LMA). Climatic conditions in the summers of 2002-2004 differed markedly, with warm and dry atmospheric conditions in 2002, cool, humid and cloudy conditions in 2003, and warm clear conditions in 2004. Conditions in summer 2005 were intermediate between those of summers 2002 and 2003, and similar to recent (8-year) means.