Adipose tissue is a critical exchange center for complex energy transactions involving triacylglycerol storage and release. It also has an active endocrine role, releasing various adipose-derived cytokines (adipokines) that participate in complex pathways to maintain metabolic and vascular health. Here, we found D-dopachrome tautomerase (DDT) as an adipokine secreted from human adipocytes by a proteomic approach.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiochem Biophys Res Commun
October 2009
Obesity is considered a chronic low-grade inflammatory status and the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells of adipose tissue (AT) are considered a source of inflammation-related molecules. We identified YKL-40 as a major protein secreted from SVF cells in human visceral AT. YKL-40 expression levels in SVF cells from visceral AT were higher than in those from subcutaneous AT.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe mechanism of onset of hypoglycemia in patients with carnitine deficiency has yet to be determined. Using mice with systemic carnitine deficiency (JVS mice), we examined this mechanism, focusing on the weaning period (days 14-28 postpartum). For normal mice, the survival rate was 100%, and no hypoglycemia was observed at all.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe neuropathogenesis of influenza-associated encephalopathy in children and Reye's syndrome remains unclear. A surveillance effort conducted during 2000-2003 in South-West Japan reveals that almost all fatal and handicapped influenza-associated encephalopathy patients exhibit a disorder of mitochondrial beta-oxidation with elevated serum acylcarnitine ratios (C(16:0)+C(18:1))/C(2). Here we show invasion by a non-neurotropic epidemic influenza A H3N2 virus in cerebral capillaries with progressive brain edema after intranasal infection of mice having impaired mitochondrial beta-oxidation congenitally or posteriorly in the newborn/ suckling periods.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWe found that a mouse homolog of human DNA polymerase delta interacting protein 38, referred to as Mitogenin I in this paper, and mitochondrial single-stranded DNA-binding protein (mtSSB), identified as upregulated genes in the heart of mice with juvenile visceral steatosis, play a role in the regulation of mitochondrial morphology. We demonstrated that overexpression of Mitogenin I or mtSSB increased elongated or fragmented mitochondria in mouse C2C12 myoblast cells, respectively. On the other hand, the silencing of Mitogenin I or mtSSB by RNA interference led to an increase in fragmented or elongated mitochondria in the cells, respectively, suggesting that Mitogenin I and mtSSB are involved in the processes of mitochondrial fusion and fission, respectively.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAim: L-carnitine, an essential cofactor for mitochondrial, beta-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, is known to play important roles in sperm maturation and metabolism when spermatozoa pass and acquire motility in the epididymis. We reported that obstructive azoospermia occurred in the epididymis in the juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mice, which are OCTN2 dysfunction mice caused by mutations in the gene encoding OCTN2, have been used for animal models of primary systemic carnitine deficiency. The aim of present study is to investigate the expression of OCTN2 protein in the mouse epididymis and its relation between the localization of OCTN2 and obstructive azoospermia in JVS mice as animal models for human male infertility.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAmong the organic cation transporters, OCTN2 is identified as the most important carnitine transporter owing to the ability to transport carnitine. Although the OCTN2 is previously found in various tissues, there have been no reports showing the OCTN2 in the pancreas. In this study, we examined the expression and localization of OCTN2 in the mouse pancreas by the aid of an in situ hybridization technique and immunohistochemistry with anti-OCTN2 antibody.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe infectivity and pathogenicity of influenza virus are primarily determined by host cellular trypsin-type processing proteases which cleave the viral membrane fusion glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA). Therefore the distribution of the processing protease is a major determinant of the infectious organ tropism. The common epidemic human influenza A virus is pneumotropic and the HA processing proteases tryptase Clara, mini-plasmin, tryptase TC30 and ectopic anionic trypsin have all been isolated from mammalian airways.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJuvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) mice, novel animal models of systemic carnitine deficiency, exhibit a remarkably increased number of mitochondria in their cardiac myocytes. To date, however, there has been no reported investigation of the molecular mechanism of this increased number of mitochondria. Here, we analyzed the gene expression profile from the hearts of JVS and control mice by Affymetrix GeneChip analysis representing 34323 genes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe mRNA expression of type 2 diabetes-related genes in white blood cells (WBC) was examined before and after onset in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat. The level of the calpain 10 (CAPN10) transcript was significantly decreased compared to control animals in WBC before and after onset. Significant decreases in this gene expression were also found in the major insulin-target tissues as well as WBC before onset.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe pathogenesis of influenza encephalopathy or encephalitis is poorly understood. This review summarizes our recent studies of the roles played by inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), adhesion molecules and mini-plasmin in influenza encephalitis. After the intranasal infection of newborn mice with the non-neurotropic strain of influenza A virus (IAV) Aichi/2/68/H3N2, encephalitis and severe brain edema were observed within 3-5 days.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMice with juvenile visceral steatosis (JVS) develop remarkable cardiac hypertrophy and exhibit an increased number of mitochondria in their heart. However, the biochemical characteristics and physiological functions of these mitochondria cardiac are little known. Here we show that the respiratory activities at state 3 with glutamate plus malate or succinate in the heart mitochondria of JVS mice were greatly decreased to 47% or 77%, respectively, compared with those of control mice.
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