Simultaneous visualization of callose deposition and plasma membrane for live-cell imaging in plants.

The appropriate combination of fluorescent probes enabled the simultaneous visualization of callose deposition and plasma membrane in living Arabidopsis and can be useful for the cell biological study of papilla formation in plants. Localized callose deposition at the site of fungal infection is a central part of papilla formation, which creates a barrier between the host plasma membrane and the cell wall and plays an important role in preventing the penetration of fungal hyphae into the host cells. Using chitin-induced callose deposition as a model system, we examined suitable conditions for the simultaneous visualization of callose deposition and plasma membrane dynamics in living Arabidopsis cotyledons.

PUB4, a CERK1-Interacting Ubiquitin Ligase, Positively Regulates MAMP-Triggered Immunity in Arabidopsis.

Lysin motif (LysM) receptor-like kinase CERK1 is a co-receptor essential for plant immune responses against carbohydrate microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Concerning the immediate downstream signaling components of CERK1, receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases such as PBL27 and other RLCK VII members have been reported to regulate immune responses positively. In this study, we report that a novel CERK1-interacting E3 ubiquitin ligase, PUB4, is also involved in the regulation of MAMP-triggered immune responses.