Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on pulmonary alveola and cytokines in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and skeletal muscle atrophy model mice.

[Purpose] It has been reported that exercise affects skeletal muscle in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) disease model. In this study, we examined the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in skeletal muscle on alveoli and cytokines. [Materials and Methods] We used twenty wild-type mice, randomly divided into three groups: Group A: Control (non-COPD, non-amyotrophia, non-NMES), Group B: COPD, amyotrophia with NMES and Group C: COPD, amyotrophia without NMES.

Quantitative analysis of axon collaterals of single pyramidal cells of the anterior piriform cortex of the guinea pig.

Background: The role of the piriform cortex (PC) in olfactory information processing remains largely unknown. The anterior part of the piriform cortex (APC) has been the focus of cortical-level studies of olfactory coding, and associative processes have attracted considerable attention as an important part in odor discrimination and olfactory information processing. Associational connections of pyramidal cells in the guinea pig APC were studied by direct visualization of axons stained and quantitatively analyzed by intracellular biocytin injection in vivo.

Investigation of Metabolism of Exogenous Glucose at the Early Stage and Onset of Diabetes Mellitus in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty Rats Using [1, 2, 3-13C]Glucose Breath Tests.

This study aimed to evaluate changes in glucose metabolism at the early stage and onset of diabetes in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. Specifically, after the oral administration of [1, 2, 3-13C]glucose, the levels of exhaled 13CO2, which most likely originated from pyruvate decarboxylation and tricarboxylic acid, were measured. Eight OLETF rats and eight control rats (Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka [LETO]) were administered 13C-glucose.

Quantitative analysis of development and aging of genital corpuscles in glans penis of the rat.

The aim of the present postnatal developmental study was to determine densities of unique genital corpuscles (GCs) in glans penis of developing and aged rats. GCs were identified as corpuscular endings consisting of highly branched and coiled axons with many varicosities, which were immunoreactive for protein gene product 9.5.

Presynaptic protein synaptotagmin1 regulates the activity-induced remodeling of synaptic structures in cultured hippocampal neurons.

Activity-dependent reorganizations of central neuronal synapses are thought to play important roles in learning and memory. Although the precise mechanisms of how neuronal activities modify synaptic connections in neurons remain to be clarified, the activity-induced neuronal presynaptic proteins such as synaptotagmin1 may contribute to the onset of synaptic remodeling. To understand better the physiological roles of synaptotagmin1, we first examined the prolonged effects of neuronal stimulation capable of inducing synaptotagmin1 on the distribution of a postsynaptic proteins (PSD) protein Homer1c by immunostaining.

[Attempt to reduce the formaldehyde concentration by blowing cooled fresh air down in to the breathing zone of medical students from an admission port on the ceiling during gross anatomy class].

Cadavers in gross anatomy laboratories at most medical schools are conventionally embalmed in formaldehyde solution, which is carcinogenic to humans. Medical students and instructors are thus exposed to formaldehyde vapors emitted from cadavers during dissection. To reduce high formaldehyde concentrations in the breathing zone above cadavers being examined by anatomy medical students provisionally, dissection beds were located under existing admission ports on the ceiling to supply cooled fresh air from the admission port blowing downward on to the cadaver.

[Vertical distribution of formaldehyde concentration and simulated temperature and wind velocity from computational fluid dynamics in a gross anatomy laboratory].

Cadavers for gross anatomy laboratories are typically embalmed in formaldehyde. Thus, medical students and instructors are exposed to formaldehyde vapors emitted from cadavers during dissection. In an attempt to improve the dissection environment, we examined indoor formaldehyde concentrations in a gross anatomy laboratory.

[Formaldehyde concentrations in the breathing zone of medical students during gross anatomy laboratory in Toho University].

Cadavers for gross anatomy laboratories are conventionally embalmed by formaldehyde (FA) solution in most medical schools. Thus, medical students and instructors are exposed to FA vapors emitted from cadavers during dissection. As a basic survey for the improvement of the dissection environment, we examined FA concentration in the gross anatomy laboratory during the 2006 academic year at the Faculty of Medicine of Toho University.

Quantitative analysis of axon collaterals of single superficial pyramidal cells in layer IIb of the piriform cortex of the guinea pig.

To understand the functional organization of the piriform cortex (PC), the axon collaterals of three pyramidal cells in layer IIb of the anterior PC and one pyramidal cell in layer IIb of the posterior PC were labeled and quantitatively analyzed by intracellular biocytin injection in the guinea pig. Single pyramidal cells in the anterior and posterior PCs have widely distributed axon collaterals, which exhibit little tendency for patchy concentrations inside as well as outside the PC. The total lengths of the axon collaterals of the three fully analyzed pyramidal cells ranged from 68 to 156 mm, more than 50% of which were distributed in the PC.

Quantitative analysis of axon collaterals of single neurons in layer IIa of the piriform cortex of the guinea pig.

To study the various types of neurons in layer IIa in the piriform cortex (PC) and the spatial distribution of their axons, axon collaterals of three neurons in layer IIa were labeled and quantitatively analyzed by intracellular injection of biocytin in the guinea pig. Individual neurons have highly distributed axon collaterals, which display a little tendency toward patchy concentrations inside as well as outside the PC. One semilunar cell in the posterior PC had 54-mm-long axon collaterals and 4,200 boutons, out of which 2,100 (49% of the total number of boutons) were distributed in the PC.