Scope of Negation, Gestures, and Prosody: The English Negative Quantifier as a Case in Point.

The present paper examines how English native speakers produce scopally ambiguous sentences and how they make use of gestures and prosody for disambiguation. As a case in point, the participants in the present study produced the English negative quantifiers. They appear in two different positions as (1) The election of no candidate was a surprise (a: 'for those elected, none of them was a surprise'; b: 'no candidate was elected, and that was a surprise') and (2) no candidate's election was a surprise (a: 'for those elected, none of them was a surprise'; b: # 'no candidate was elected, and that was a surprise.

A novel liposome surface modification agent that prolongs blood circulation and retains surface ligand reactivity.

Liposomes are recognized as potentially useful drug carriers but many problems preclude practical medical application. Liposomes bind with serum proteins (opsonization) and are captured by the reticuloendothelial system cells in the liver and spleen, which limits their ability to deliver drugs to other target sites. Modification of lipids with flexible, hydrophilic polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to yield sterically stabilized liposomes is one approach to improve liposome blood circulation and tissue distribution properties.

Preparation and properties of branched oligoglycerol modifiers for stabilization of liposomes.

We examined the effect on drug delivery of liposomes with surfaces that were modified with branched oligoglycerols (BGLs) and explored possible formulation advantages to increase drug exposure. BGL012 is a branched oligoglycerol derivative with a cascade-like structure of 12 glycerol units, characterized as a widely spread structure in aqueous solution. We prepared BGL-phospholipid derivatives (BGL-PEs), including BGL012, by coupling 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine to BGLs.