When it comes to assessing the impact of e-cigarettes, estimates of device prevalence matter: the BIDI Stick disposable device.

Background: While e-cigarettes have been identified as an effective means of tobacco harm reduction, the degree to which these devices will realise their harm reduction potential will be determined in large part by how available these products are to adults who smoke. One of the key factors determining that availability is the regulatory regime around these products. Within the US e-cigarettes have become the most commonly used tobacco product by middle and high school students, with disposable e-cigarettes now the most popular type of device used by youth.

Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries and intermediary cytofibrillary elements. XVIIth Note. Biological evolution of the respiratory subsystem in Reptilia.

This note continues the XIIth, XVth and XVIth ones concerning the biological evolution of the respiratory subsystem (SS.Rs.) in invertebrates, aquatic vertebrates and amphibians.

[The contribution of the clinical examination to the diagnosis of bronchopulmonary cancer].

An analysis is made of the contribution of clinical examination to the diagnosis of primary bronchopulmonary cancer in a lot of 355 patients. As it is known bronchopulmonary cancer does not have a characteristic and patognomonic clinical symptomatology. In two thirds of the patients (236/66.

The vascular biological stereotype and the achievement problem of the neurohumoral integration during phylogenesis.

There is developed Bertalanffy's theory of systems on the evolution process of biological stereotypes (theory of Mârza, Repciuc, Eskenasy 1962) and the systemic theory nomenclature used in biology is critically discussed. A more complete definition of the reactivity is attempted. Biological stereotypes are analogous to the Pavlovian absolute reflexes and represent specialized and integrated parts of the reactivity, which forms a unity of contraries with the metabolism.

Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries and intermediary cytofibrillary elements. XVth note. Biological evolution of the respiratory stereotype and subsystem in aquatic vertebrates.

The author continues in aquatic vertebrates the study of the evolution of the respiratory stereotype initiated in the XIIth note of this series and carried out in the light of the systemic conception (Bertalanffy), of Needham's theory of order in nature, and of the theory of biological stereotypes (Mârza, Repciuc, Eskenasy). The stability of some characters of the respiratory stereotype inherited by vertebrates from invertebrates is pointed out. The respiratory stereotype in vertebrates gradually passed from the respiration of water-dissolved oxygen through branchiae and skin, to the concomitant uptake of this form and of air oxygen (through buccopharyngeal formations, gaseous bladder or rudimentary lungs in osseous fishes), the double respiration (in Amphibia) and later the air respiration in Reptilia.

Retrospective data on the pituitary gland response during immune and neoplastic processes.

A synthesis of many experimental works performed during the last ten years regarding the nonspecific response of the pituitary gland during some immune and neoplastic processes is presented. Different modalities of the response of pituitary gland cell that vary depending on the antigen type were observed. The TAB vaccine inducing a humoral immune response determined an increased secretory activity of STH and FSH cells which are involved by their secretions in the activation of protein synthesis also including antibodies.

Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries and intermediary cytofibrillary elements. XIIth note. Biological evolution of the respiratory stereotype and subsystem in invertebrates.

This note presents the respiratory stereotype and subsystem in invertebrates, developing the previous notes on the emunctory stereotype and subsystem (Xth and XIth notes). As in the previous ones, Cannon's homeostasis conception and Bertlanffy's theory of systems were corroborated with Needham's theory of internal laws and of limits of organizational biological levels, and with the author's theory of biological stereotypes (Mârza, Repciuc, Eskenasy, 1962). Four links of the respiratory stereotype (Rsp.

Relationship between specialized cells, capillaries and intermediary cytofibrillary elements. XIth note. Biological evolution of the emunctory subsystem and stereotype in vertebrates.

This note completes in vertebrates the study of the emunctory subsystem and stereotype in invertebrates (Xth note). The theory of systems (and of open biological systems) of Bertalanffy, the theory of internal laws and limits of each organizational level (Needham) and the theory of biological stereotypes and of their morphofunctional expression (Mârza, Repciuc and Eskenasy) are also corroborated. In this light there were studied: the characters of the emunctory stereotype in vertebrates, its similar formation mode by three links (extracting, conveying and excretory links) as in the coelomatous invertebrates, and the passage of the emunctory stereotype from invertebrates to vertebrates.

Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries and intermediary cytofibrillary elements. Xth Note. Biological evolution of the emonctory subsystem and stereotype in invertebrates.

The paper points out the importance of homeostasis as the most general system of the organism (Ist order system) and the 2nd order subsystem which composes it, discussing the relations between them and the biological evolution of the emonctory subsystem in protists and invertebrates. The emonctory structures, functions and stereotype and their component parts are studied in protists, spongia, coelenterata and coelomata: lower worms, annelids, their hyponeurian descendents (arthropods, molluses) and epineurian descedents echinoderms and protochordates (Stomochordata, Tunicata, Cephalochordata). The structure, functions and stereotypes of protonephridia and metanephridia and of substitutive (vicarious) emonctory organs (nephrocytes and peritoneal cells) are studied in coelomatic invertebrates.

Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries, and intermediary cytofibrillary elements. VIIIth note. A systematization attempt of the RHS in the light of Bertalanffy's theory of systems.

Phylogenetic data concerning the circulatory and the macrophagic systems in epineural invertebrates and in vertebrates are exposed. On this basis, the taking into consideration of a large general and complex system of defence is proposed as a work hypothesis. Within this system, two subsystems of the IInd order are described: the 1st represented by the epithelial organs, and the IInd by the immunogenic ones.

Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries, and intermediary cytofibrillary elements. VIIth note. Epitheliocapillary relationships in hypothysis and thyroid during experimentally conditioned immunity.

The participation of the thyroid and of the anterior hypophysis during a complex process of experimentally conditioned immunity was studied in order to establish the concrete modalities of integration of these glands by the central integrative mechanisms. Quantitative microscopy, mathematical and statistical methods, demonstrative graphs, a new mode of expression of correlation types between the phasic quantitative variations of the immune process, as well as a division of the anterior hypophysis into cell groups were used. These methods show that the hypophysis and the thyroid participate in the immunogenic processes with all their constituents (epithelia, mesenchymal cells, capillaries).

Diagnostic value of chromosome examination in effusions from cancer patients.

Fifty nine effusions (6 from patients with benign diseases and 53 from cancer patients) were examined cytologically and cytogenetically. Only diploid cells were observed in the benign effusions. The majority of malignant effusions had chromosomal changes, but in three cases where cytologic examination had revealed the presence of malignant cells, only diploid metaphases were found.

Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries and intermediary cyto-fibrillary stroma. Note 6. The capillary stereotype and the factors which influence it.

The human skin and the mammary gland in the woman and the man--all of them ectoblastic-origin tissues, rich in stromal structures and belonging to the IIIrd step of Mârza's classification (Vth note) -- were investigated using the method of the microscopic conventional fields. The normal skin (Ist lot), the skin from the vicinity of basaliomatous nodules (II--A), of incipient basaliomatous nodules (II--B), of completely developed (II--C), of the skin during irradiation (II--D) and after irradiation (II--E), as well as the pemphigus skin were studied. In the woman the mammary gland was investigated in the little girl (GMF), in the adult nonpregnant woman (GMA), during the first trimester of pregnancy (GMG), during lactation (GML), during climacterium (GMM), in glandular carcinomas of the adult female (GMAC) and during menopause (GMMC).

Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries, and intermediary cyto-fibrillar elements. Vth note. Organizational steps or levels of these relationships during their biological development.

The developmental analysis of the interrelations between specialized cells, capillaries, and intermediary cyto-fibrillar elements points out the existence of four organizational steps reflecting the gradual increase in complexity and diversity of animal structures and functions. The development of secretory and defence functions produces a dissociation of steps between the increase of the organizational level of the whole animal organism and the autonomy of organizational steps or organs. The steps are not immovable, but under some conditions the possibility of a mutation exists between the IInd and the IIIrd steps.