Inhibitory effects of gallic acid on the activity of exosomal secretory pathway in breast cancer cell lines: A possible anticancer impact.

Breast cancer cells produce exosomes that promote tumorigenesis. The anticancer properties of gallic acid have been reported. However, the mechanism underlying its anticancer effect on the exosomal secretory pathway is still unclear.

The distinct roles of exosomes in innate immune responses and therapeutic applications in cancer.

The innate immune system is one of the major constituents of the host's defense against invading pathogens and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in regulating its responses. Exosomes, a subclass of EVs, released from eukaryotic cells, contribute to intracellular communication and drive various biological processes by transferring nuclei acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates between cells, protecting cargo from enzymatic degradation and immune recognition and consequent elimination by the immune system. A growing body of evidence has revealed that exosomes produced from host cells, infected cells, tumor cells, and immune cells regulate innate immune signaling and responses and thus play a significant role in the propagation of pathogens.

A review on exosomes application in clinical trials: perspective, questions, and challenges.

Background: Exosomes are progressively known as significant mediators of cell-to-cell communication. They convey active biomolecules to target cells and have vital functions in several physiological and pathological processes, and show substantial promise as novel treatment strategies for diseases.

Methods: In this review study, we studied numerous articles over the past two decades published on application of exosomes in different diseases as well as on perspective and challenges in this field.

Bystander effects induced by electron beam-irradiated MCF-7 cells: a potential mechanism of therapy resistance.

Purpose: The distinct direct and non-targeting effects of electron beam radiation on MCF-7 cells remain obscure. We aimed to investigate the effect of electron beam irradiation (EBI) and conditioned media (CM) of the irradiated MCF-7 cells on MCF-7 cells. The cytotoxic effects of CM from irradiated MCF-7 cells on the mesenchymal stem cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were also examined.

Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles: reliable tools for Cancer diagnosis and clinical applications.

Background: Studies have recently revealed that almost every type of cells including tumor cells abundantly release small vesicles known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the extracellular milieu. EVs carry a repertoire of biological molecules including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates and transport their cargo between cells in the vicinity as well as distantly located cells and hence act as messengers of intercellular communication. In this review, we aimed to discuss the tumor-derived exosome biology and the pivotal roles of exosomes in cancer diagnosis and treatment.