Groundwater quality modeling and determining critical points: a comparison of machine learning to Best-Worst Method.

In Iran, similar to other developing countries, groundwater quality has been seriously threatened. Therefore, this study aimed to apply Machine Learning Algorithms (MLAs) in Groundwater Quality Modeling (GQM) and determine the optimal algorithm using the Best-Worst Method (BWM) in Ardabil province, Iran. Groundwater quality parameters included calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), sulfate (SO), total dissolved solids (TDS), bicarbonate (HCO), electrical conductivity (EC), and acidity (pH).

Best soil comanagement practices for two watersheds in Germany and Iran using game theory-based approaches.

Collaborative management is increasingly applied to indicate environmental and socio-economic negotiations in every corner of the world. The engagement of multiple stakeholders accompanying experience, science, and economy probing skills is expected to unravel such issues. However, the collaborative approaches to manage existing issues at watershed scale have not been adequately applied.