Characterization of substances released from crumb rubber material used on artificial turf fields.

Crumb rubber material (CRM) used as infill on artificial turf fields can be the source of a variety of substances released to the environment and to living organisms in the vicinity of the CRM. To assess potential risks of major volatilized and leached substances derived from CRM, methods were developed to identify organic compounds and elements, either in the vapor phase and/or the leachate from CRM. A qualitative method based on solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed to identify the major volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds out-gassing from CRM samples under defined laboratory conditions.

Modeling the difference among Cucurbita in uptake and translocation of p,p'-dichlorophenyl-1,1-dichloroethylene.

Uptake of organic chemicals into plants depends on the properties of the contaminant and the physiology of the plant. A mass balance model based on fugacity was developed to quantify the uptake and transport in plants of a very hydrophobic chemical, p,p'-dichlorophenyl-1,1-dichloroethylene (DDE). The model included processes for sorption or influx of chemical with water from hydroponic solution to root and sorption or exchange of chemical between the shoot and air.

Uptake and translocation of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene supplied in hydroponics solution to Cucurbita.

Field studies show shoots of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) accumulate various hydrophobic contaminants from soil, although many other plants do not, including cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).

Effect of mycorrhizal fungi on the phytoextraction of weathered p,p-DDE by Cucurbita pepo.

Field experiments were conducted to assess the impact of inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi on the accumulation of weathered p,p'-DDE from soil by three cultivars of zucchini (Cucurbita pepo spp. pepo cv Costata Romanesco, Goldrush, Raven). Three commercially available mycorrhizal products (BioVam, Myco-Vam, INVAM) were inoculated into the root system of the zucchini seedlings at planting.

Soil amendments, plant age, and intercropping impact p,p'-DDE bioavailability to Cucurbita pepo.

Field experiments were conducted to optimize the phytoextraction of weathered p,p'-DDE (p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) by Cucurbita subspecies. The effects of two soil amendments, mycorrhizae or a biosurfactant, on p,p'-DDE accumulation was determined. Also, p,p'-DDE uptake was assessed during plant growth (12, 26, 38, and 62 d), and cultivars that accumulate weathered p,p'-DDE were intercropped with cultivars known not to have that ability.

Influence of citric acid amendments on the availability of weathered PCBs to plant and earthworm species.

A series of small and large pot trials were conducted to assess the phytoextraction potential of several plant species for weathered polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil (105 microg/g Arochlor 1268). In addition, the effect of citric acid on PCB bioavailability to both plants and earthworms was assessed. Under small pot conditions (one plant, 400 g soil), three cucurbits (Cucurbita pepo ssp pepo [zucchini] and ssp ovifera [nonzucchini summer squash], Cucumis sativus, cucumber) accumulated up to 270 microg PCB/g in the roots and 14 microg/g in the stems, resulting in 0.

Uptake by cucurbitaceae of soil-Bome contaminants depends upon plant genotype and pollutant properties.

Three Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo (cv.

Accumulation of weathered polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by plant and earthworm species.

Experiments were conducted to assess the bioavailability of polyclycic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil from a Manufactured Gas Plant site. Three plant species were cultivated for four consecutive growing cycles (28 days each) in soil contaminated with 36.3 microg/g total PAH.

Influence of nutrient amendments on the phytoextraction of weathered 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene by cucurbits.

Field experiments were conducted to determine the impact of nutrient amendments on the phytoextraction of weathered 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p '-DDE) by eight cultivars of cucurbits over a single growing season. Four cultivars of Cucurbita pepo ssp pepo are accumulators and extract percent level quantities of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), whereas C. pepo ssp ovifera and Cucumis sativus are nonaccumulators.

Phytoextraction of weathered p,p'-DDE by zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) under different cultivation conditions.

Previous studies have shown that zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) under field conditions are good and poor accumulators, respectively, of persistent organic pollutants from soil. Here, each species was grown under three cultivation regimes: dense (five plants in 5 kg soil): nondense (one plant in 80 kg soil): and field conditions (two to three plants in approximately 789 kg soil). p,p'-DDE and inorganic element content in roots, stems, leaves, and fruit were determined.

Plant uptake and translocation of highly weathered, soil-bound technical chlordane residues: data from field and rhizotron studies.

It has been observed that plants are susceptible to uptake from soil and in planta transport of technical chlordane, in spite of its hydrophobicity and sequestration within the soil matrix due to weathering. Field and rhizotron studies were conducted with Cucurbitaceae planted in highly weathered, chlordane-contaminated soil to investigate details of soil-to-plant contaminant uptake. In the field-work, Cucurbita pepo L.

Volatilization of weathered chiral and achiral chlordane residues from soil.

To mitigate the impact on the environment of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), we must understand thoroughly their environmental fate. Residues of many of these pollutants are still present in soil years after their legitimate uses were banned. In this report, the volatilization of one such persistent pollutant, chlordane, from a field where it was applied approximately 40 years ago, is examined in detail overthe course of several years.

Subspecies-level variation in the phytoextraction of weathered p,p'-DDE by Cucurbita pepo.

Previous studies indicate that Cucurbita pepo can phytoextract highly weathered persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from soil and translocate large quantities to aerial tissues. To investigate intraspecific variability in uptake potential, a field study was conducted to quantify the phytoextraction of weathered p,p'-DDE by 21 cultivar varieties of summer squash from two distinct subspecies, C. pepo ssp texana and C.

Plant uptake and translocation of air-borne chlordane and comparison with the soil-to-plant route.

In order to assess fully the impact of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on human health, pollutant exchange at the interface between terrestrial plants, in particular food crops, and other environmental compartments must be thoroughly understood. In this regard, transfers of multicomponent and chiral pollutants are particularly informative. In the present study, zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.

Role of organic acids in enhancing the desorption and uptake of weathered p,p'-DDE by Cucurbita pepo.

Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of seven organic acids [succinic, tartaric, malic, malonic, oxalic, citric, ethylene-diaminetetraacetic (EDTA)] over a concentration range of two orders of magnitude (0.001-0.10 M) on the abiotic desorption of weathered p,p'-DDE and the extraction of polyvalent inorganic ions from soil.

Persistent organic pollutants in the environment: chlordane residues in compost.

The half-lives of some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in environmental compartments such as soil and air can be as long as decades. In spite of the hydrophobicity of many POPs, the literature contains reports of their uptake by, and translocation through, a variety of plants. Both these observations prompt the investigation of whether a vegetation-based environmental compartment such as compost contains significant residues of POPs.

Tracking chlordane compositional and chiral profiles in soil and vegetation.

The cycling of chlordane and other persistent organic pollutants through the environment must be comprehensively elucidated to assess adequately the human health risks posed from such contaminants. In this study the compositional and chiral profiles of weathered chlordane residues in the soil and vegetative compartments were investigated in order to provide details of the fate and transport of this persistent pesticide. Zucchini was planted in a greenhouse in three bays containing chlordane-contaminated soil.

Cycling of weathered chlordane residues in the environment: compositional and chiral profiles in contiguous soil, vegetation, and air compartments.

Technical chlordane, a synthetic organic pesticide composed of 147 separate components, some of which exhibit optical activity, was used as an insecticide, herbicide, and termiticide prior to all uses being banned in the United States in 1988. It has been shown that food crops grown in soil treated decades earlier with technical chlordane translocate the weathered chlordane residues from the soil into root and aerial plant tissues. A rigorous analytical method is presented for the simultaneous, quantitative determination of both achiral and chiral components of technical chlordane in soil, plant, and air compartments using chiral gas chromatography interfaced to ion trap mass spectrometry and internal standard calibration.