Comparison of Systemic Exposure Between Epinephrine Delivered via Metered-Dose Inhalation and Intramuscular Injection.

Primatene MIST, an epinephrine metered-dose inhaler (MDI), has long been questioned by some medical professionals for asthma treatment despite having been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. One of the primary reasons for their concerns stemmed from potential cardiovascular complications following epinephrine administration. However, the majority of documented cardiovascular complications seemed to occur following the injection route of the epinephrine.

Analysis of aggregation profile of glucagon using SEC-HPLC and FFF-MALS methods.

Recently, the first generic glucagon for injection was approved for the treatment of severe hypoglycemia. Unlike its brand name recombinant glucagon, the generic glucagon is synthetic. Since glucagon has a high propensity to form aggregates in solution, it is essential to assess the aggregation profile of the synthetic glucagon compared to the recombinant glucagon.

Secondary Structure Characterization of Glucagon Products by Circular Dichroism and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.

Glucagon, a 29-amino acid polypeptide hormone, is an essential therapeutic agent used in the emergency treatment of hypoglycemia. However, glucagon is inherently unstable in aqueous solution. While glucagon equilibrates between unordered and the secondary α-helix state in solution, it can quickly transform into a different secondary β-sheet-rich amyloid-like fibril/oligomer structure under various conditions.