Call for Consistency: the Need to Establish Gross Anatomy Learning Objectives for the Entry-Level Physical Therapist.

A need currently exists for the establishment of anatomy learning objectives for physical therapist education programs. Developing recommended anatomy objectives to serve as a curricular guide may foster more consistent student outcomes while preserving instructional autonomy. These objectives could serve as a vital resource when making decisions during curricular reform or prioritizing and emphasizing the curriculum's anatomic content.

Movement System Theory and Anatomical Competence: Threshold Concepts for Physical Therapist Anatomy Education.

This viewpoint proposes eight anatomy threshold concepts related to physical therapist education, considering both movement system theory and anatomical competence. Movement system theory provides classifications and terminology that succinctly identifies and describes physical therapy practice from a theoretical and philosophical framework. The cardiovascular, pulmonary, endocrine, integumentary, nervous, and musculoskeletal systems are all included within this schema as the movement system theory encompasses all body systems interacting to create movement across the lifespan.

Characterization of melanophore morphology by fractal dimension analysis.

Fractal or focal dimension (FD) analysis is a valuable tool to identify physiologic stimuli at the cellular and tissue levels that allows for quantification of cell perimeter complexity. The FD analysis was determined on fluorescence images of caffeine- or epinephrine-treated (or untreated control) killifish Fundulus heteroclitus (Linneaus) melanophores in culture. Cell perimeters were indicated by rhodamine-phalloidin labeling of cortical microfilaments using box-counting FD analysis.