Histologic analysis of gonadal tissue in patients with Turner syndrome and Y chromosome material.

This study investigates gonadal histology in individuals with Turner syndrome assigned female at birth and Y-chromosome material (TS+Y) who underwent prophylactic gonadectomy. Despite case reports suggesting spontaneous menarche and pregnancies in TS+Y, this research reveals the absence of germ cells, indicating low fertility likelihood. Germ cell neoplasia in-situ was present in some patients, emphasizing a non-negligible risk of cancer precursor.

How expert surgeons review robotic videos: A grounded theory study.

Background: Surgical video review has been shown to improve technical skill in novice surgeons; however, to date, there are no studies examining the use of video review by experts. This study sought to understand the process expert robotic surgeons use when they review their surgical videos.

Methods: In this qualitative pilot study, eight expert robotic colorectal surgeons individually participated in semi-structured interviews and video elicitation sessions.

Teaching complementary and alternative medicine in undergraduate medical education: a scoping review.

Objectives: This scoping review explores the extent to which undergraduate medical education have incorporated complementary and alternative medicine in their curricula and evaluates the teaching, delivery and assessment approaches used.

Methods: ERIC, Ovid Medline and Pubmed databases were searched with keywords related to "complementary and alternative medicine" and "undergraduate medical education" for relevant articles published until August 2020. Data extraction included the presence/absence of complementary and alternative medicine integration, program duration, instructor background, and assessment methods.

How to Incorporate the Experiential Student Pharmacist Into the Pediatric Practice Setting.

Experiential education conducted in the pediatric practice setting provides student pharmacists the opportunity to learn about a unique patient population. For many students, experiential rotations may be the only form of pediatric education they receive in pharmacy school. Providing quality pediatric experiences is essential to stimulate students' interest in this practice area and train those with goals to become pediatric pharmacists.

Successful Use of Eltrombopag in a Pediatric Patient With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Associated Thrombocytopenia.

Thrombocytopenia and other hematologic manifestations related to HIV are not uncommon. Treatment of HIV-related thrombocytopenia is challenging: treatment options are not effective in all patients, or less well studied, particularly in the pediatric population. We aim to present and discuss the case of a 13-year-old with HIV and persistent thrombocytopenia who, after failing monthly IVIG infusions, showed normalization of platelet count on the novel thrombopoietin receptor agonist, eltrombopag.

Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Mediated Clearance of Human Hepatitis C Virus Infection.

The role that broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) play in natural clearance of human hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we investigate the mechanism by which bNAbs, isolated from two humans who spontaneously cleared HCV infection, contribute to HCV control. Using viral gene sequences amplified from longitudinal plasma of the two subjects, we found that these bNAbs, which target the front layer of the HCV envelope protein E2, neutralized most autologous HCV strains.

CMPK2 and BCL-G are associated with type 1 interferon-induced HIV restriction in humans.

Type 1 interferons (IFN) are critical for host control of HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus. However, it is unknown which of the hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) restrict HIV in vivo. We sequenced RNA from cells that support HIV replication (activated CD4 T cells) in 19 HIV-infected people before and after interferon-α2b (IFN-α2b) injection.

Mechanisms of HIV-1 Control.

Purpose Of Review: HIV-1 infection is of global importance, and still incurs substantial morbidity and mortality. Although major pharmacologic advances over the past two decades have resulted in remarkable HIV-1 control, a cure is still forthcoming. One approach to a cure is to exploit natural mechanisms by which the host restricts HIV-1.

Intracellular HIV-1 RNA and CD4+ T-cell activation in patients starting antiretrovirals.

Objective: To assess if the reduction in HIV-1 RNA in CD4 T cells is correlated with the persistence of immune activation following early antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Design: Clinical trial (NCT01285050).

Methods: Next-generation sequencing was used to study total RNA from activated CD4 T cells (CD38 and human leukocyte antigen - antigen D related (HLA-DR) expressing) collected from 19 treatment-naïve HIV-1/hepatitis C virus-infected patients before and early after ART initiation (≥12 weeks after plasma HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/ml).

Defective proviruses rapidly accumulate during acute HIV-1 infection.

Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication to clinically undetectable levels, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) persists in CD4(+) T cells in a latent form that is not targeted by the immune system or by ART. This latent reservoir is a major barrier to curing individuals of HIV-1 infection. Many individuals initiate ART during chronic infection, and in this setting, most proviruses are defective.

Recirculating immunomagnetic separation and optimal enrichment conditions for enhanced detection and recovery of low levels of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from fresh leafy produce and surface water.

The objective of this study was to develop a rapid, simple method for enhanced detection and isolation of low levels of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from leafy produce and surface water using recirculating immunomagnetic separation (RIMS) coupled with real-time PCR and a standard culture method. The optimal enrichment conditions for the method also were determined. Analysis of real-time PCR data (C(T) values) suggested that incubation of lettuce and spinach leaves rather than rinsates provides better enrichment of E.

Human pharmaceuticals, antioxidants, and plasticizers in wastewater treatment plant and water reclamation plant effluents.

The primary objective of this study was to determine the presence of unregulated organic chemicals in reclaimed water using complementary targeted and broad spectrum approaches. Eleven of 12 targeted human pharmaceuticals, antioxidants, and plasticizers, and 27 tentatively identified non-target organic chemicals, were present in secondary effluent entering tertiary treatment trains at a wastewater treatment plant and two water reclamation facilities. The removal of these compounds by three different tertiary treatment trains was investigated: coagulant-assisted granular media filtration (California Title-22 water, 22 CCR 60301-60357; Barclay [2006]), lime clarification/reverse osmosis (lime/ RO), and microfiltration-reverse osmosis (MF/RO).

Human pharmaceuticals, hormones, and personal care product ingredients in runoff from agricultural fields irrigated with treated wastewater.

Irrigation of crops with treated wastewater has the potential to introduce effluent-derived organic microcontaminants into surface waters through agricultural runoff. To determine whether compounds indicative of the presence of treated effluent in irrigation water could be identified in agricultural runoff, surface runoff samples collected from effluent-irrigated and rain-fed cultivated fields were analyzed for a broad spectrum of organic compounds. A variety of compounds was identified that appeared to be associated with irrigation with treated wastewater.

Rapid gas chromatography-mass spectrometry screening method for human pharmaceuticals, hormones, antioxidants and plasticizers in water.

A rapid gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed and validated allowing quantification at the ng/l level of 19 analytes in water including human pharmaceuticals, hormones, antioxidants and a plasticizer. On-line continuous liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane of 10-401 unfiltered water samples was used to achieve a 10000-40000-fold concentration factor. No sample cleanup or derivatization was required.