Hyperactivity and Impulsivity Symptoms Mediate the Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Reading Achievement: A LONGSCAN Cohort Study.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) include various childhood stressors that can negatively impact the health and well-being of children. ACEs are associated with poor academic achievement. Attention is strongly associated with academic achievement, and there is a graded relationship between ACEs exposure and subsequent development of parent-reported ADHD; however, it is unclear whether ADHD symptoms mediate the relationship between ACEs and academic achievement.

Mediation of Parental Aggravation in the Association Between ADHD Severity and Electronic Media Use: A National Survey of Children's Health Study.

Objective: To determine whether the association between ADHD severity and electronic media use was mediated by parental aggravation.

Methods: This was a retrospective analysis from the 2016 to 2017 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) involving children ages of 3 to 17 years with parent-reported ADHD ( = 5,930). Path analyses were used to model the relationships between ADHD severity with parental aggravation (PA) as a mediator, and electronic device (ED) and television (TV) use as outcomes, controlling for covariates.

Development and Validation of the Military Minority Stress Scale.

Despite affecting nearly 3% of active-duty service members, little is known about how LGBT-related stress experiences may relate to health outcomes. Thus, the present study sought to create a Military Minority Stress Scale and assess its initial reliability and construct validity in a cross-sectional study of active-duty LGBT service members ( = 248). Associations between 47 candidate items and health outcomes of interest were analyzed to retain those with substantial betas.

Exploring Racial and Ethnic Differences in Parent-Reported Strengths in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Background: Several studies have demonstrated racial/ethnic differences in parental concerns in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, no studies have investigated racial/ethnic differences in parent-reported strengths. The purpose of this study was to explore racial/ethnic differences in parent-reported strengths in children with ASD.

Nominal Versus Realized Costs of Recruiting and Retaining a National Sample of Sexual Minority Adolescents in the United States: Longitudinal Study.

Background: Web-based recruitment for research studies is becoming increasingly popular and necessary. When compared with the traditional methods of recruitment, these methods may enable researchers to reach more diverse participants in less time. Social media use is highly prevalent among adolescents, and the unique context of social media may be particularly important for the recruitment of sexual minority young people who would not be captured by traditional methods.

Reducing behavioral health symptoms by addressing minority stressors in LGBTQ adolescents: a randomized controlled trial of Proud & Empowered.

Background: Minority stress may lead to poorer mental health for sexual and gender minority adolescents, yet no interventions have been tested through an RCT to address these concerns.

Methods: We report on an RCT of an intervention-Proud & Empowered-with four high schools. Measures assess the intervention's impact on mental health symptoms.

Parallel growth modeling to better understand smoking with stimulant use outcomes during an integrated treatment trial.

While cigarette smoking is highly comorbid with stimulant use disorder (SUD), the relationship is rarely evaluated concurrently to better understand the association between the two and how they influence one another over time. The overarching research question posed was, do patterns of cigarette smoking and stimulant use co-vary (both at baseline and throughout treatment) with one another during the testing of a combined treatment for people who smoking and use stimulants, and do those changes depend on the experimental treatment being tested? Participants ( = 538, 52% male) were randomly assigned to the experimental group [smoking cessation and treatment-as-usual (TAU)] or placebo group (TAU; a minimum of one treatment session per week over 10 weeks). A parallel growth model was applied to determine whether initial smoking levels predicted stimulant use growth trajectories (and vice versa), and whether initial levels and growth trajectories of each were related.

Health and Service-related Impact of Sexual and Stalking Victimization During United States Military Service on LGBT Service Members.

Prior research among military personnel has indicated that sexual harassment, stalking, and sexual assault during military service are related to negative health sequelae. However, research specific to LGBT U.S.

Experiences of Sexual Harassment, Stalking, and Sexual Assault During Military Service Among LGBT and Non-LGBT Service Members.

Sexual victimization, including sexual harassment and assault, remains a persistent problem in the U.S. military.

Risk Factors for Parenting Stress in Parents of Children Treated with Laser Surgery for Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome 2 Years Postpartum.

Objective: Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a rare but serious condition that can occur in monochorionic and diamniotic twin pregnancies. Research indicates almost half of postpartum mothers with TTTS may have clinically significant levels of stress. However, no studies have measured the levels of parenting stress at 2 years postpartum, and little research has been conducted on sources of stress.

Pediatric Resident Attitudes Toward Inpatient Immunization of Children and Adolescents: Highlighting Differences in Human Papillomavirus Vaccination.

Over a decade after its debut, human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine coverage remains suboptimal. The inpatient setting presents a largely unexplored opportunity to increase vaccination rates. This study aims to describe pediatric resident attitudes toward inpatient immunization and compare differences by vaccine, in particular HPV.

Medical Student Participation in Patient- and Family-Centered Rounding: A National Survey of Pediatric Clerkships.

Objective: Pediatrics rotations may be medical students' only experience with patient- and family-centered rounding (PFCR). It is unclear how students participate in or are prepared for PFCR. We surveyed national pediatrics clerkships to determine the prevalence of PFCR and the proportion providing orientation in order to inform a needs assessment for PFCR orientation.

Military Sexual Assault as a Mediator of the Association Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Veterans.

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) civilians report higher rates of sexual assault, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression compared to their heterosexual counterparts. In this study, we compared military sexual assault (MSA), PTSD, and depression in LGB individuals and their non-LGB peers in two community samples of veterans (N = 2,583). Participants were selected for inclusion if they identified as LGB (n = 110) and were matched 1 to 3 on gender and age with non-LGB veterans (n = 330).

Development of the Sexual Minority Adolescent Stress Inventory.

Although construct measurement is critical to explanatory research and intervention efforts, rigorous measure development remains a notable challenge. For example, though the primary theoretical model for understanding health disparities among sexual minority (e.g.

Changing Trends in Brain Imaging Technique for Pediatric Patients with Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts.

Background: Children with ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS) undergoing brain computed tomography (CT) for shunt malfunction evaluation are at risk for later malignancy due to radiation exposure. We aimed to determine if and how hospitals have adopted radiation-avoiding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques.

Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database.

Length of Stay and Hospital Revisit After Bacterial Tracheostomy-Associated Respiratory Tract Infection Hospitalizations.

Objectives: To identify factors associated with longer length of stay (LOS) and higher 30-day hospital revisit rates for children hospitalized with bacterial tracheostomy-associated respiratory tract infections (bTARTIs).

Methods: This was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study using administrative data from the Pediatric Health Information System database between 2007 and 2014 of patients 30 days to 17 years old with a principal discharge diagnosis of bTARTI or a principal discharge diagnosis of bTARTI symptoms with a secondary diagnosis of bTARTI. Primary outcomes of LOS (in days) and 30-day all-cause revisit rates (inpatient, observation, or emergency department visit) were analyzed by using a 3-level hierarchical regression model (discharges within patients within hospital).

The relationship between preoperative fetal head circumference and 2-year cognitive performance after laser surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome.

Objective: To determine the relationship between preoperative fetal head circumference (HC) and cognitive performance among children treated with laser surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).

Methods: Donor and recipient twin HCs were measured preoperatively (16-26 weeks' gestation) and at 2 years corrected age. Multilevel multivariate regression models were used to test pregnancy and child-level risk factors for lower Battelle Developmental Inventory Second Edition (BDI-2) scores.

Criterion and Divergent Validity of the Sexual Minority Adolescent Stress Inventory.

Sexual minority adolescents (SMA) consistently report health disparities compared to their heterosexual counterparts, yet the underlying mechanisms of these negative health outcomes remain unclear. The predominant explanatory model is the minority stress theory; however, this model was developed largely with adults, and no valid and comprehensive measure of minority stress has been developed for adolescents. The present study validated a newly developed instrument to measure minority stress among racially and ethnically diverse SMA.

Factors associated with 30-day all-cause hospital readmission after tracheotomy in pediatric patients.

Objective: To determine factors associated with post-tracheotomy hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge.

Methods: Children 18 years and younger who underwent tracheotomy at Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) between 1/1/2005 and 12/31/2013 with at least 30 days of follow-up at CHLA were identified through ICD-9 procedure codes. Patient characteristics and covariates were obtained by linking manual chart review and administrative data.