Social media and body image: Relationships between social media appearance preoccupation, self-objectification, and body image.

Nearly 85 % of emerging adults report using at least one social media site. Research suggests that viewing and internalizing unrealistic body ideals often displayed online may pose harmful effects on young people's body image. However, studies on the relationships between social media usage and body image have predominantly focused on women's drive for thinness.

Checking the scales: A psychometric evaluation of the Weight Concerns Scale in a sample of college-aged cisgender men from the United States.

Historically, western societies have considered body image issues to predominantly affect young, White women. While in recent years men's body image issues have been increasingly highlighted by researchers and the media alike, many instruments currently used to identify clinically significant body image disturbances were developed and validated with samples solely of women and/or girls. One such measure, Killen et al.

Relationships between body image and mental health in white, cisgender college students.

Purpose: Previous studies have suggested that drive for leanness (DL) may be less maladaptive than drive for thinness (DT) or drive for muscularity (DM). However, no studies have examined whether there might be gender differences in the relationships between these three drives and mental health variables. The purpose of this study was twofold.

Untangling the associations between generalized anxiety and body dissatisfaction: The mediating effects of social physique anxiety among collegiate men and women.

Researchers disagree on which types of anxiety influence body dissatisfaction and how gender (cisgender men vs. cisgender women) may impact these associations. Specifically, little is known about how generalized anxiety and social physique anxiety combine to predict body dissatisfaction in men and women.

The effects of internalized shame and self-blame on disordered eating and drive for muscularity in collegiate men.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to explore the relative contributions of self-blame and internalized shame to variability in disordered eating and drive for muscularity scores in collegiate men.

Method: One hundred and sixty-eight male college students in the Rocky Mountain region of the USA completed valid and reliable self-report survey measures: the Drive for Muscularity Scale, the Internalized Shame Scale, the Shame and Guilt Eating Scale to assess self-blame, and the Eating Attitudes Test. Cross-sectional data were analyzed through descriptive, correlation, and regression statistics.

Self-reported eating disorder risk in lean and non-lean NCAA Collegiate Athletes.

Purpose: The purpose of this present study was to examine gender differences in overall scores on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) college athletes in "lean" sports versus "non-lean" sports.

Methods: Using a self-report survey design, this study examined eating disorder risk in 121 NCAA college athletes, using the EAT-26. We expected that female athletes and athletes in "lean" sports would report higher scores on the EAT-26.

Media's influence on the drive for muscularity in undergraduates.

Although research has found that body ideals presented by the media influence women's body dissatisfaction, less is known about media's influence on men's body satisfaction. An online survey examining media use, the drive for muscularity, and internalization of appearance and body shape ideals was given to a sample of 311 participants comprised of both men and women. Results indicated (a) the more time men and women reported watching television, the higher their reported drive for muscularity (b) total hours of viewing sports-related, image-focused, and entertainment television related to increased drive for muscularity in women (c) drive for muscularity in men related to watching image-focused television and reading men's health magazines, and (d) internalization of athletic attitudes towards appearance mediated the relationship between total television watched and drive for muscularity in both genders.

Relationships between self-esteem, media influence and drive for thinness.

The media is a powerful societal tool for expressing expectations about how men and women should look. As a result, over the past several years, women have shown an increase in body dissatisfaction (Cash, Morrow, Hrabosky, & Perry, 2004). The present study examined the relationships between drive for thinness, self-esteem, and media influence among men and women.

Open-label treatment with olanzapine for patients with borderline personality disorder.

This report presents efficacy and safety outcomes for patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) treated with olanzapine for up to 24 weeks. In 2 concurrent studies, patients received open-label olanzapine for 12 weeks after 12 weeks of double-blind olanzapine or placebo. Open-label dosing started at 2.

Do exercise motives predict obligatory exercise?

Few studies have examined whether factors predicting obligatory exercise differ by gender. 303 participants completed the Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire and the Reason for Exercise Inventory. All variables correlated significantly.

Drive for muscularity and drive for thinness: the impact of pro-anorexia websites.

In recent years, websites that stress the message of thinness as the ideal and only choice have surfaced on the internet. The possibility that pro-anorexia websites may reinforce restrictive eating and exercise behaviors is an area of concern. In addition, friends may be influencing one another to view these websites, further contributing to drive for thinness in women and drive for muscularity in men.

Peer influence: use of alcohol, tobacco, and prescription medications.

Objective: Risk-taking behavior (e.g., alcohol abuse, tobacco usage, misuse of prescription medications) among college students is a widespread problem.

Motivation, goal orientation, coaching, and training habits of women ultrarunners.

Ultrarunners participate in running events that exceed the 26.2-mile marathon distance (e.g.

What predicts drive for muscularity in college students?

While research has established that men tend to exhibit greater levels of DFM than women, little research has examined the relation between DFM and other forms of disordered eating and exercise behaviors. Study 1 examined the influence of disordered eating and obligatory exercise on DFM in male and female college students. In women, DFM was related to eating concern and obligatory exercise; whereas in men, DFM was related to obligatory exercise and shape concern.

Concurrent herb-prescription medication use and health care provider disclosure among university students.

Objectives: To determine the extent to which college students are intermixing mood-altering herbs with prescription medications and whether they are disclosing this information to their health care providers.

Design And Setting: A nonrandom sample was drawn from the student body of a Northwestern state university (n=305).

Methods: In November 2008 participants completed an online survey detailing herb use, disclosure to health care providers and herb/medicinal intermixing.

Correlations between exercise and anger in college students.

In a sample of 76 students (56 women, 20 men) from an upper division psychology class at this large university, men's and women's scores on the Anger subscale of the Profile of Mood States and self-reported exercise (-.34 and -.39, respectively) were significantly correlated.

What predicts adjustment among college students? A longitudinal panel study.

Objective: Researchers have previously reported that law students and medical students experience significant distress during their first year. The authors suspected that freshmen undergraduates might experience similar distress in their transition to college.

Participants: They surveyed 242 undergraduate freshmen at the beginning and end of their first year.

Relations of parental status with alcohol use patterns and attitudes about underage drinking.

In a sample of 143 adults from a population of households in Idaho, significant differences in patterns of alcohol use and attitudes about underage drinking were related to parental status. Nonparents reported drinking alcohol more frequently than parents. Parents were significantly more likely than nonparents to report that it is never acceptable for minors to drink alcohol, that minors should not be allowed to drink alcohol at parties with no parents present, and that "sting" operations by police are warranted.

Individual differences in adolescent health symptoms: the effects of gender and coping.

Previous studies have suggested that adult men and women experience different types and severities of physical and psychological health symptoms. This study examined whether in the case of adolescents these reported gender differences in physical and psychological health symptoms could actually be the result of differences in coping styles. Five hundred and forty-six adolescents were questioned on their coping styles and symptoms.

Body satisfaction in adolescent boys and girls: associations with parental behavior.

In a sample of 449 high school students, maternal smoking and maternal and paternal eating habits were significantly related to self-reported Body Satisfaction for girls, as measured by the Body Shape Questionnaire of Cooper, Taylor, Cooper, and Fairburn. However, only paternal eating habits were significantly related to self-reported Body Satisfaction for boys.

Athletic status and drinking behavior in college students: the influence of gender and coping styles.

College students' alcohol use as well documented, and published studies have indicated that athletes drink more frequently and more often to the stage of intoxication than do nonathletes. Some researchers have cited sociological factors to explain these behaviors, but neither the underlying emotional factors that drive students' alcohol use nor the interaction of gender and athletic status have been examined. The authors' twofold purpose in conducting this study was (1) to examine the influence of the interaction of gender and athletic status on the drinking behaviors of college students, and (2) to examine whether differences in male and female athletes' and nonathletes' coping styles influenced their drinking behaviors.

What predicts adjustment among law students? A longitudinal panel study.

Although at the time of this article's publication, many anecdotes and cross-sectional studies had reported that law students experience significant distress during their 1st year, few researchers had controlled for prelaw school status (e.g., M.