Prolonged corticosterone exposure induces dendritic spine remodeling and attrition in the rat medial prefrontal cortex.

The stress-responsive hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a central role in promoting adaptations acutely, whereas adverse effects on physiology and behavior following chronic challenges may result from overactivity of this system. Elevations in glucocorticoids, the end-products of HPA activation, play roles in adaptive and maladaptive processes by targeting cognate receptors throughout neurons in limbic cortical networks to alter synaptic functioning. Because previous work has shown that chronic stress leads to functionally relevant regressive alterations in dendritic spine shape and number in pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), this study examines the capacity of sustained increases in circulating corticosterone (B) alone to alter dendritic spine morphology and density in this region.

Solution and Solid State Properties of [N-(2-Hydroxyethyl)iminodiacetato]vanadium(IV), -(V), and -(IV/V) Complexes(1).

A mononuclear vanadium(IV), a mononuclear vanadium(V), and a binuclear mixed valence vanadium(IV/V) complex with the ligand N-(2-hydroxyethyl)iminodiacetic acid (H(3)hida) have been structurally characterized. Crystal data for [VO(Hhida)(H(2)O)].CH(3)OH (1): orthorhombic; P2(1)2(1)2(1); a= 6.

Syntheses, X-ray Structures, and Solution Properties of [V(4)O(4){(OCH(2))(3)CCH(3)}(3)(OC(2)H(5))(3)] and [V(4)O(4){(OCH(2))(3)CCH(3)}(2)(OCH(3))(6)]: Examples of New Ligand Coordination Modes.

Tetranuclear vanadium complexes with alkoxy ligands, [V(4)O(4){&mgr;,&mgr;,&mgr;(3)-(OCH(2))(3)CCH(3)}(2)(OCH(3))(6)] (1) and [V(4)O(4){&mgr;-(OCH(2))(3)CCH(3)}{&mgr;,&mgr;(3)-(OCH(2))(3)CCH(3)}{&mgr;,&mgr;,&mgr;(3)-(OCH(2))(3)CCH(3)}(OR)(3)] (R = C(2)H(5) (2), R = CH(CH(3))(2) (3), R = CH(3) (4)), were synthesized by reacting VO(OR)(3) and H(3)thme (H(3)thme = 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane) in alcohol. Complex 1 crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n with a = 9.646(4) Å, b = 11.