How "none of the above" (NOTA) affects the accessibility of tested and related information in multiple-choice questions.

Answering multiple-choice questions increases accessibility of the tested information and can improve accessibility of related information. However, multiple-choice questions with "none of the above" (NOTA) as a choice hurts accessibility of the previously tested information when NOTA serves as the correct answer (NOTA). Would prompting participants to recall an answer when choosing NOTA, and then providing feedback, reduce the costs of NOTA items? In the present experiments, participants answered general knowledge questions in multiple-choice (with a NOTA alternative) or cued-recall formats; half of the participants, when choosing NOTA, were prompted to provide an answer.