Contemporary accuracy of death certificates for coding prostate cancer as a cause of death: Is reliance on death certification good enough? A comparison with blinded review by an independent cause of death evaluation committee.

Background: Accurate cause of death assignment is crucial for prostate cancer epidemiology and trials reporting prostate cancer-specific mortality outcomes.

Methods: We compared death certificate information with independent cause of death evaluation by an expert committee within a prostate cancer trial (2002-2015).

Results: Of 1236 deaths assessed, expert committee evaluation attributed 523 (42%) to prostate cancer, agreeing with death certificate cause of death in 1134 cases (92%, 95% CI: 90%, 93%).

Predicting high-grade cancer at ten-core prostate biopsy using four kallikrein markers measured in blood in the ProtecT study.

Background: Many men with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in serum do not have aggressive prostate cancer and undergo unnecessary biopsy. Retrospective studies using cryopreserved serum suggest that four kallikrein markers can predict biopsy outcome.

Methods: Free, intact and total PSA, and kallikrein-related peptidase 2 were measured in cryopreserved blood from 6129 men with elevated PSA (≥3.

Gleason drift in the NIHR ProtecT study.

Aims: There is increasing evidence of Gleason score (GS) drift in prostatic core biopsies during the last two decades. The ProtecT study is a randomized controlled study and provides an excellent cohort to study the effect of time, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, perineural invasion, tumour length and age on GS.

Methods And Results: The ProtecT study recruited men in the United Kingdom between 1999 and 2010.

Alteration in urinary matrix metalloproteinase-9 to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 ratio predicts recurrence in nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Purpose: The purpose is to assess the prognostic significance of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in patients with bladder cancer using a combination of ELISA (to measure MMP-9 in voided urine) and immunohistochemistry (to study MMP-9 in bladder tumors). The relationship between MMP-9 and its principal inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 (in voided urine samples) was also studied.

Experimental Design: A total of 134 patients with bladder tumors (7 cis, 76 T(a), 27 T(1), 24 T(2)-T(4); 40 G1, 43 G2, and 44 G3), 33 patients with benign urological conditions, and 36 healthy volunteers was studied.