Estrogen-alone therapy and invasive breast cancer incidence by dose, formulation, and route of delivery: findings from the WHI observational study.

Objective: Research on the relationships between different hormone therapy doses, formulation and routes of delivery, and subsequent breast cancer incidence has been limited. This study directly compared different estrogen doses, formulations, and route of delivery of estrogen alone among women with a hysterectomy in relation to invasive breast cancer incidence.

Methods: The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study is a large multicenter prospective cohort study conducted at 40 US sites.

Using the Whole Cohort in the Analysis of Case-Control Data: Application to the Women's Health Initiative.

Standard analyses of data from case-control studies that are nested in a large cohort ignore information available for cohort members not sampled for the sub-study. This paper reviews several methods designed to increase estimation efficiency by using more of the data, treating the case-control sample as a two or three phase stratified sample. When applied to a study of coronary heart disease among women in the hormone trials of the Women's Health Initiative, modest but increasing gains in precision of regression coefficients were observed depending on the amount of cohort information used in the analysis.

Hormone therapy dose, formulation, route of delivery, and risk of cardiovascular events in women: findings from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.

Objective: Research comparing hormone therapy (HT) doses, regimens, and routes of delivery in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes has been limited. This study directly compared different estrogen doses, routes of delivery, and HT formulations in postmenopausal women in relation to the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, CVD mortality, total CVD, and all-cause mortality.

Methods: The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study is a multicenter prospective cohort study that was conducted at 40 US sites.

Oophorectomy, hormone therapy, and subclinical coronary artery disease in women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative coronary artery calcium study.

Objective: Surgical menopause has been associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease events. In this study, we aimed to determine the associations between coronary artery calcium (CAC) and hysterectomy, oophorectomy, and hormone therapy use with a focus on the duration of menopause for which there was no hormone therapy use.

Design: In a substudy of the Women's Health Initiative placebo-controlled trial of conjugated equine estrogens (0.

Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification.

Background: Calcified plaque in the coronary arteries is a marker for atheromatous-plaque burden and is predictive of future risk of cardiovascular events. We examined the relationship between estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcium in the context of a randomized clinical trial.

Methods: In our ancillary substudy of the Women's Health Initiative trial of conjugated equine estrogens (0.

Validity of self-report for fractures among a multiethnic cohort of postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative observational study and clinical trials.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of, and factors associated with, the accuracy of self-report (participant-report and proxy-report) for fractures.

Design: Study participants were from the Women's Health Initiative Clinical Trial and Observational Study cohorts. All women were postmenopausal; populations included American Indian, Asian/Pacific Islander, black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white.

Walking compared with vigorous exercise for the prevention of cardiovascular events in women.

Background: The role of walking, as compared with vigorous exercise, in the prevention of cardiovascular disease remains controversial. Data for women who are members of minority racial or ethnic groups are particularly sparse.

Methods: We prospectively examined the total physical-activity score, walking, vigorous exercise, and hours spent sitting as predictors of the incidence of coronary events and total cardiovascular events among 73,743 postmenopausal women 50 to 79 years of age in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.

Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: prospective analysis from the Women's Health Initiative observational study.

Context: Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been shown to elevate C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Several inflammatory biomarkers, including CRP, are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. However, whether the effect of HRT on CRP represents a clinical hazard is unknown.