2020 design and methods of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study is a nationally representative, longitudinal study of the US population on tobacco use and its effects on health, collecting data annually since 2013. The COVID-19 pandemic interrupted in-person survey data collections around the world. In the USA, this included a PATH Study data collection focused on youth (13-17) and young adults (18-19) as well as other US surveys on tobacco use.

Cardiovascular disease outcomes among established cigar users 40 years and older: Findings from the population assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) study, waves 1-5 (2013-2019).

This study examined associations between established cigar use and prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD; congestive heart failure, stroke, or heart attack/needed bypass surgery) among U.S. adults, 40 years or older.

Changes in Tobacco Dependence and Association With Onset and Progression of Use by Product Type From Waves 1 to 3 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.

Introduction: This study examined trajectories of tobacco dependence (TD) in relationship to changes in tobacco product use, and explored the effects of product-specific adding, switching, or discontinued use on dependence over time.

Aims And Methods: Data were analyzed from the first three waves from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, a nationally representative, longitudinal study of adults and youth in the United States. Data included 9556 wave 1 (2013-2014) adult current established tobacco users aged 18 or older who completed all three interviews and had established use at ≥2 assessments.

Indicators of Tobacco Dependence Among Youth: Findings From Wave 1 (2013-2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.

Background: Prior work established a measure of tobacco dependence (TD) among adults that can be used to compare TD across different tobacco products. We extend this approach to develop a common, cross-product metric for TD among youth.

Methods: One thousand one hundred and forty-eight youth aged 12-17 who used a tobacco product in the past 30 days were identified from 13 651 youth respondents in Wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.

Tobacco Use, Nicotine Dependence, and Cessation Methods in US Adults With Psychosis.

Importance: Adults with psychotic disorders have high premature mortality, partly due to the high prevalence of smoking in this population. Yet recent data are lacking on tobacco product use among US adults with a history of psychosis.

Objective: To examine the sociodemographic characteristics and behavioral health status; types of tobacco products used; prevalence of use by age, sex, and race and ethnicity; and nicotine dependence severity and smoking cessation methods among community-dwelling adults with vs without psychosis.

Tobacco, Alcohol, Cannabis, and Other Drug Use in the US Before and During the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Importance: Information about national substance use trends among youths and adults after mid-March 2020 is limited due to constraints on surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: To evaluate whether substance use prevalence in the early part of the pandemic (2020) differed from the prepandemic periods of 2018 to 2019 and 2016 to 2018.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cross-sectional study was a repeated analysis of 2016 to 2020 data from a nationally representative sample of youths and adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.

RETRACTED: Changes in Tobacco Dependence and Association With Onset and Progression of Use by Product Type From Wave 1 to Wave 3 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.

Introduction: This study examined trajectories of tobacco dependence (TD) in relation to changes in tobacco product use and explored the effects of product-specific adding, switching, or discontinued use on dependence over time.

Aims And Methods: Data were analyzed from the first three waves of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, a nationally representative, longitudinal study of adults and youth in the United States. Data included 9556 Wave 1 (2013/2014) adult current established tobacco users who completed all three interviews and had established use at ≥2 assessments.

Correlates of tobacco product initiation among youth and young adults between waves 1-4 of the population assessment of tobacco and Health (PATH) study (2013-2018).

Introduction: While risk factors for cigarette smoking among youth and young adults are well-documented, less is known about the correlates of initiation of other tobacco products. This study aims to provide estimates and correlates of initiation among U.S.

Predictors of E-cigarette and Cigarette Use Trajectory Classes from Early Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood Across Four Years (2013-2017) of the PATH Study.

Introduction: This study examines predictors of trajectories of cigarette and e-cigarette use among a cohort of US adolescents transitioning into young adulthood. Comparing trajectories of each tobacco product is important to determine if different intervention targets are needed to prevent progression to daily use.

Methods: Latent trajectory class analyses identified cigarette and e-cigarette use (never, ever excluding past 12-month, past 12-month (excluding past 30-day (P30D)), P30D 1-5 days, P30D 6+ days) trajectory classes, separately, among US youth (12-17; N = 10,086) using the first 4 waves (2013-2017) of data from the nationally representative PATH Study.

Cardiovascular Outcomes among Combustible-Tobacco and Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) Users in Waves 1 through 5 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, 2013-2019.

Background: Prior studies have not clearly established risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among smokers who switch to exclusive use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). We compared cardiovascular disease incidence in combustible-tobacco users, those who transitioned to ENDS use, and those who quit tobacco with never tobacco users.

Methods: This prospective cohort study analyzes five waves of Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study data, Wave 1 (2013-2014) through Wave 5 (2018-2019).

Variability in Urinary Nicotine Exposure Biomarker Levels Between Waves 1 (2013-2014) and 2 (2014-2015) in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.

Introduction: To date, no studies have evaluated the consistency of biomarker levels in people who smoke over a long-time period in real-world conditions with a large number of subjects and included use behavior and measures of nicotine metabolism. We evaluated the variability of biomarkers of nicotine exposure over approximately a 1-year period in people who exclusively smoke cigarettes, including intensity and recency of use and brand switching to assess impact on understanding associations with product characteristics.

Aims And Methods: Multivariate regression analysis of longitudinal repeated measures of urinary biomarkers of nicotine exposure from 916 adults in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study with demographic characteristics and use behavior variables.

Factors associated with changes in flavored tobacco products used: Findings from wave 2 and wave 3 (2014-2016) of the population assessment of tobacco and health (PATH) study.

Introduction: Flavored non-cigarette tobacco product use is widespread in the U.S. The availability of flavor options could be playing a role in recent increases in use, especially for non-cigarette tobacco products, among youth and young adults.

Association of e-Cigarette Use With Discontinuation of Cigarette Smoking Among Adult Smokers Who Were Initially Never Planning to Quit.

Importance: Cigarette smokers not planning to quit are often overlooked in population studies evaluating the risk-benefit potential of electronic nicotine delivery products (e-cigarettes).

Objective: To evaluate whether e-cigarette use is associated with discontinuing cigarette smoking among smokers who were initially never planning to quit.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cohort study used US nationally representative data from the longitudinal Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (waves 2-5 conducted between October 2014 and November 2019), with participants evaluated in 3 pairs of interviews.

Validation of the Wave 1 and Wave 2 Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Indicators of Tobacco Dependence Using Biomarkers of Nicotine Exposure Across Tobacco Products.

Introduction: This study examined the predictive relationships between biomarkers of nicotine exposure and 16-item self-reported level of tobacco dependence (TD) and subsequent tobacco use outcomes.

Aims And Methods: The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study surveyed adult current established tobacco users who provided urine biospecimens at Wave 1 (September 2013-December 2014) and completed the Wave 2 (October 2014-October 2015) interview (n = 6872). Mutually exclusive user groups at Wave 1 included: Cigarette Only, E-cigarette Only, Cigar Only, Hookah Only, Smokeless Tobacco Only, Cigarette Plus E-cigarette, multiple tobacco product users who smoked cigarettes, and multiple tobacco product users who did not smoke cigarettes.

E-Cigarette Flavors and Frequency of E-Cigarette Use among Adult Dual Users Who Attempt to Quit Cigarette Smoking in the United States: Longitudinal Findings from the PATH Study 2015/16-2016/17.

Potential mechanisms by which e-cigarette use may relate to combustible cigarette smoking cessation are not well-understood. We used U.S.

Role of e-cigarettes and pharmacotherapy during attempts to quit cigarette smoking: The PATH Study 2013-16.

Background: More smokers report using e-cigarettes to help them quit than FDA-approved pharmacotherapy.

Objective: To assess the association of e-cigarettes with future abstinence from cigarette and tobacco use.

Design: Cohort study of US sample, with annual follow-up.

School Use and Normative Perceptions of Electronic Nicotine Product Use Among Middle and High School Students-November 2018.

Purpose: This study examined U.S. middle and high school student observations of electronic nicotine product (ENP) use in and around the school building and students' normative perceptions of use among peers.

Predictive validity of the adult tobacco dependence index: Findings from waves 1 and 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study.

Background And Aims: Building on published work establishing concurrent validity of a self-report tobacco dependence (TD) index among users of different tobacco products in Wave 1 (W1) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, the current study examines prospective relationships with tobacco use behaviors to establish predictive validity of the TD index. Hypotheses suggested high levels of W1 TD would be associated with persistent tobacco use at Wave 2 (W2).

Participants: A U.

Association of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Use With Cigarette Smoking Relapse Among Former Smokers in the United States.

Importance: Relapse to smoking among former smokers is a serious clinical concern, and use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has been proposed as a new risk factor for relapse. Understanding the specificity of this risk can help guide clinical practice and lead to improved health outcomes.

Objective: To assess the associations of ENDS use with cigarette smoking relapse among adult former cigarette smokers.

Longitudinal associations between susceptibility to tobacco use and the onset of other substances among U.S. youth.

We examined whether tobacco susceptibility at Wave (W) 1 (2013-2014) predicts the onset of tobacco and other substances at W2 (2014-2015) among 5325 U.S. youth (12-17 years) never substance users at W1 in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study.

Association of Flavored Tobacco Use With Tobacco Initiation and Subsequent Use Among US Youth and Adults, 2013-2015.

Importance: Flavors in tobacco products may appeal to young and inexperienced users.

Objective: To examine among youth (aged 12-17 years), young adults (aged 18-24 years), and adults (aged ≥25 years) the prevalence of first use of flavored tobacco products among new tobacco users and the association between first flavored use of a given tobacco product and tobacco use 1 year later, including progression of tobacco use.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cohort study represents a longitudinal analysis of data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, a nationally representative study with data collected in 2013 to 2014 (wave 1) and 2014 to 2015 (wave 2).

Flavour types used by youth and adult tobacco users in wave 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study 2014-2015.

Background: Most youth and young adult (YA) tobacco users use flavoured products; however, little is known about specific flavours used.

Methods: We report flavour types among US tobacco users from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, wave 2, 2014-2015. At wave 2, we examined (1) flavour use and type at past 30-day use; (2) new flavoured tobacco product use and type; (3) product-specific flavour patterns across youth (ages 12-17) (n=920), YA (18-24) (n=3726) and adult (25+) (n=10 346) past 30-day and new tobacco users and (4) concordance between self-coded and expert-coded brand flavour type among all adults (18+).

Longitudinal e-Cigarette and Cigarette Use Among US Youth in the PATH Study (2013-2015).

Background: Evidence is accumulating that youth who try Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS, e-cigarettes) may go on to try cigarettes. This analysis examines the bidirectional patterns of ENDS and cigarette use among US youth over one year and uses propensity score matching (PSM) to examine frequency of ENDS use on changes in cigarette smoking.

Methods: Our analysis included 11 996 participants who had two waves of available data (Wave 1 [W1] 2013-2014; Wave 2 [W2] 2014-2015) drawn from the longitudinal Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study.