Anaesthetic mortality in cats: A worldwide analysis and risk assessment.

Background: Patient safety is essential in small animal anaesthesia. This study aimed to assess anaesthesia-related deaths in cats worldwide, identify risk and protective factors and provide insights for clinical practice.

Methods: A prospective multicentre cohort study of 14,962 cats from 198 veterinary centres across different countries was conducted.

Anaesthetic mortality in dogs: A worldwide analysis and risk assessment.

Background: Ensuring patient safety during small animal anaesthesia is crucial. This study aimed to assess anaesthetic-related deaths in dogs globally, identify risks and protective factors and inform clinical practice.

Methods: This prospective cohort multicentric study involved 55,022 dogs from 405 veterinary centres across various countries.

Transversus abdominis plane block in rats: Preliminary cadaveric studies.

The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is an ultrasound guided regional anaesthetic technique used to provide analgesia to the abdominal wall. Research in humans and cats has demonstrated that TAP blocks reduce pain and post-operative opioid requirements after abdominal surgery. To date TAP blocks have not been described in rats.

Onset of Action of Bupivacaine Administered via Dural Puncture Epidural versus Spinal, Lumbosacral, and Sacrococcygeal Epidural Injections in Dogs: Randomised Clinical Trial.

The study aimed to compare bupivacaine onset time when administered via epidural anaesthesia injecting both at the lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal spaces, spinal anaesthesia, and DPE in clinical dogs. A total of 41 dogs requiring neuraxial anaesthesia as part of their anaesthetic protocol were recruited. They were randomly allocated to receive an epidural injection in the sacrococcygeal space aided by the nerve stimulator (SCO), an epidural injection in the lumbosacral (LS), a subarachnoid injection (SPI), or a DPE.

Mathematical Models for the Skin to Lumbosacral Epidural Distance in Dogs: A Cadaveric Computed-Tomography Study.

This study aimed to validate previously published computed tomography (CT) derived mathematical equations with the true skin to lumbosacral epidural distance (SLED) in dog cadavers. Phase 1: The lumbar region of 11 dog cadavers were scanned in sternal recumbency to determine the effect of cranial, neutral, and caudal pelvic limb positioning on the CT derived lumbosacral epidural distance (CLED). Phase 2: The epidural space was determined using contrast epidurography, and the SLED was analysed against the mathematical equations using a body condition score (BCS) and either the cadaveric occipital-coccygeal length (OCL) (Equation (1): = 7.

Evaluation of electrical nerve stimulation to confirm sacrococcygeal epidural needle placement in dogs.

Objectives: To evaluate the use of 0.7 mA as a fixed electrical current to indicate epidural needle placement and to confirm that 0.7 mA is greater than the upper limit of the minimal electrical threshold (MET) for sacrococcygeal epidural needle placement in dogs.

Effects of Sedation with Medetomidine and Dexmedetomidine on Doppler Measurements of Ovarian Artery Blood Flow in Bitches.

The aim was to evaluate if medetomidine and dexmedetomidine affected arterial ovarian blood flow in dogs. The dogs were randomly assigned to two different groups. In Group 1, medetomidine (10 µg/kg) was administered intramuscularly and, in Group 2, dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg) was used.

Dose requirement and cardiopulmonary effects of diluted and undiluted propofol for induction of anaesthesia in dogs.

Objective: To compare the dose, cardiopulmonary effects and quality of anaesthetic induction in dogs using propofol (10 mg mL) and diluted propofol (5 mg mL).

Study Design: Randomized, blinded, clinical study.

Animals: A total of 28 client-owned dogs (12 males/16 females).

Computed Tomography-Derived Occipital-Coccygeal Length and Ilium Wing Distance Correlates with Skin to Epidural and Intrathecal Depths in Dogs.

The current clinical techniques for neuraxial needle placement in dogs are predominantly blind without prior knowledge of the depth required to reach the desired space. This study investigated the correlation and defined the relationship between easily obtainable external landmark variables in the dog; occipital-coccygeal length (OCL) and ilium wings distance (IWD), with the skin to epidural and intrathecal space distances using computed tomography (CT). The CT images of 86 dogs of different breeds were examined in this retrospective observational study.

Lateral ultrasound-guided axillary RUMM block in cats: a pilot cadaveric study.

Objectives: This study aimed to describe the prominent landmarks for an in-plane ultrasound-guided lateral approach to an axillary RUMM block in cats and document the anatomical distribution of injected solution in cadavers.

Methods: Eleven mixed breed, frozen-thawed cat cadavers were used. The ultrasound probe was placed on the lateral aspect of the forelimb.

Blood Loss Estimation in Small Animals and Assessment of a Pictorial Tool to Improve Accuracy in a Global Population of Veterinary Anesthesia Staff.

Visual estimation of blood loss is the most common form of evaluating intraoperative hemorrhage, and is also the most inaccurate. This study investigated the visual estimation accuracy of a global population of anesthesia staff and students as an initial estimation and also with the assistance of a pictorial guide. A voluntary, two-part, online, anonymous survey was distributed to members of two email databases with an interest in anesthesia, including students, nurses, interns, residents, general practitioners, and specialists.

Development and assessment of a pictorial guide to improve accuracy of visual estimation of blood loss of small animals.

Objective: To investigate the accuracy of visual blood loss estimation from small animals among veterinary staff and final-year veterinary students, and the development and utility of a pictorial guide to improve estimation, in a veterinary hospital.

Study Design: Online anonymous voluntary survey.

Methods: A two-part online survey was circulated to voluntary participants at the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Sydney, The University of Sydney, including students, nurses, interns, residents, general practitioners and specialists.

Identification of the sacrococcygeal epidural space using the nerve stimulation test or the running-drip method in dogs.

Objective: To compare the nerve stimulation test (group NS) with the running-drip method (group RUN) for successful identification of the sacrococcygeal (SCo) epidural space prior to drug administration in dogs.

Animals: A total of 62 dogs.

Study Design: A randomized clinical study.

The SIESTA (SEAAV Integrated evaluation sedation tool for anaesthesia) project: Initial development of a multifactorial sedation assessment tool for dogs.

Objective: The aim of the study was to develop a multifactorial tool for assessment of sedation in dogs.

Methods: Following a modified Delphi method, thirty-eight veterinary anaesthetists were contacted to describe the following levels of awareness: no-sedation, light, moderate, profound sedation and excitation. The answers were summarized in descriptors for each level.

CT evaluation of elbow congruity in dogs: radial incisure versus apical medial coronoid process fragmentation.

Objectives: To compare elbow congruity in two cohorts of Labrador retrievers affected with either radial incisure or apex fragmentation of the medial coronoid process.

Materials And Methods: Dogs were included if they had elbow lameness and a CT diagnosis of a fissure or fragmentation of the medial coronoid process occurring either along the radial incisure or at the coronoid apex. Radioulnar joint space was measured incrementally from the lateral to the medial coronoid process on transverse slice images.

Comparison of four inflation techniques on endotracheal tube cuff pressure using a feline airway simulator.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare four inflation techniques on endotracheal tube cuff (ETC) pressure using a feline airway simulator.

Methods: Ten participants used four different endotracheal cuff inflation techniques to inflate the cuff of a low-pressure, high-volume endotracheal tube within a feline airway simulator. The simulator replicated an average-sized feline trachea, intubated with a 4.

In-plane and out-of-plane needle insertion comparison for a novel lateral block of the radial, ulnar, median and musculocutaneous nerves in cats.

Objective: To compare two needle insertion techniques in a novel lateral approach to the radial, ulnar, median and musculocutaneous (RUMM) nerve block in cat cadavers.

Study Design: Prospective, cadaveric experimental study.

Animals: A group of 18 feline cadavers.

Computer tomographic comparison of cranial spread of contrast in lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal epidural injections in dog cadavers.

Objective: To compare the cranial spread of epidural injectates between lumbosacral (LS) and sacrococcygeal (SCo) approaches in order to guide volume selection for SCo epidural anaesthesia in the dog.

Study Design: Prospective, randomized cadaveric experimental study.

Animal: A group of 13 adult greyhound cadavers.

Novel ultrasound-guided lateral approach for femoral nerve block in cats: a pilot study.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the technique for a novel lateral approach to femoral nerve block in cat cadavers.

Methods: Five feline cadavers were used in our prospective cadaveric experimental study. Ultrasonography was used to identify the anatomy injection site.

Hepatic computed tomography and cholangiography by use of gadoxetic acid in healthy cats.

Objective: To evaluate 3 doses of gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOB-DPTA) for hepatic CT and cholangiography in cats and to determine optimal timing for hepatobiliary image acquisition and evaluation of the contrast-enhanced hepatobiliary anatomy.

Animals: 6 healthy cats.

Procedures: Cats were anesthetized; sequential CT scans were performed 0, 5, 25, 45, 65, and 85 minutes after IV administration of Gd-EOB-DTPA at low (0.

Consequences and Management of Canine Brachycephaly in Veterinary Practice: Perspectives from Australian Veterinarians and Veterinary Specialists.

This article, written by veterinarians whose caseloads include brachycephalic dogs, argues that there is now widespread evidence documenting a link between extreme brachycephalic phenotypes and chronic disease, which compromises canine welfare. This paper is divided into nine sections exploring the breadth of the impact of brachycephaly on the incidence of disease, as indicated by pet insurance claims data from an Australian pet insurance provider, the stabilization of respiratory distress associated with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), challenges associated with sedation and the anaesthesia of patients with BOAS; effects of brachycephaly on the brain and associated neurological conditions, dermatological conditions associated with brachycephalic breeds, and other conditions, including ophthalmic and orthopedic conditions, and behavioural consequences of brachycephaly. In the light of this information, we discuss the ethical challenges that are associated with brachycephalic breeds, and the role of the veterinarian.

One-lung ventilation with use of a double lumen tube in two dogs; when right might be wrong.

One-lung ventilation (OLV) is an anaesthetic technique utilised for improved visualisation and access of the surgical field during thoracoscopy. The authors present two cases that underwent OLV with use of a double lumen tube (DLT). The first case was intubated with endoscopic guidance for bronchial port intubation of the right mainstem bronchus.

Evaluation of the milling technique on the component-bone interface in the TATE elbow.

Objective: To determine whether the surgeon can influence the accuracy of milling during the TATE elbow arthroplasty by applying force to the milling arm during the milling procedure.

Study Design: In vitro study on Sawbone specimens.

Sample Population: Thirty identical solid foam models of the canine right humerus, elbow joint, and antebrachium (size large).

Effect of body position and time on quantitative computed tomographic measurements of lung volume and attenuation in healthy anesthetized cats.

OBJECTIVE To quantify the effect of time and recumbency on CT measurements of lung volume and attenuation in healthy cats under general anesthesia. ANIMALS 8 healthy research cats. PROCEDURES Anesthetized cats were positioned in sternal recumbency for 20 minutes and then in left, right, and left lateral recumbency (40 minutes/position).