BCG priming followed by a novel interleukin combination activates Natural Killer cells to selectively proliferate and become anti-tumour long-lived effectors.

The short-lived nature and heterogeneity of Natural Killer (NK) cells limit the development of NK cell-based therapies, despite their proven safety and efficacy against cancer. Here, we describe the biological basis, detailed phenotype and function of long-lived anti-tumour human NK cells (CD56CD16), obtained without cell sorting or feeder cells, after priming of peripheral blood cells with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Further, we demonstrate that survival doses of a cytokine combination, excluding IL18, administered just weekly to BCG-primed NK cells avoids innate lymphocyte exhaustion and leads to specific long-term proliferation of innate cells that exert potent cytotoxic function against a broad range of solid tumours, mainly through NKG2D.

Conservative management of high-grade renal trauma.

Introduction: Renal trauma is the most common of urological trauma and accounts for up to 5% of all. The AAST scale is the most widely used to assess renal trauma. This study focuses on high-grade trauma, whose treatment has evolved towards a conservative approach, with techniques such as angioembolization.

Randomized clinical trial on the use of IMAGE1 S LIGHT (SPIES) vs. white light in the prevention of recurrence during transurethral resection of bladder tumors: Analysis after 12-month follow-up.

Introduction: The improved image resolution of IMAGE1 S technology will increase tumor detection, achieve a greater number of complete resections, and would probably have an impact on the reduction of recurrences.

Aim: The primary objective was to compare the recurrence rates of IMAGE1 S vs. white light during transurethral resection of the bladder (TUR); the secondary objective was to compare the complication rates according to Clavien-Dindo (CD) at 12 months of follow-up.

Mid-Perineal Scrotal Flap for the Repair of Urorectal Fistulas: A New Technique.

Rectourethral fistula (RUF) is an infrequent but severe complication of the treatment of prostate cancer. Herein, we describe a new surgical approach used successfully in 3 patients that incorporates a partially de-epithelialized mid-perineal scrotal flap (MPSF), used as interposition flap, that can be used in almost every patient with RUF after radiotherapy, regardless of having or not a concomitant posterior urethra or bladder neck stricture or contracture that might require a simultaneous urethroplasty. The interposition flap includes well vascularized subcutaneous fat tissue by distal vascular branches of the internal pudendal vessels that reaches without tension the deep perineum up to the posterior bladder neck.

Quality of Life in Patients with High-grade Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Undergoing Standard Versus Reduced Frequency of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Instillations: The EAU-RF NIMBUS Trial.

Background: Adverse events induced by intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to treat high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) often lead to treatment discontinuation. The EAU-RF NIMBUS trial found a reduced number of standard-dose BCG instillations to be inferior with the standard regimen. Nonetheless, it remains important to evaluate whether patients in the reduced BCG treatment arm had better quality of life (QoL) due to a possible reduction in toxicity or burden.

Prevalence of urinary tract cancer in the Spanish cohort of the IDENTIFY study.

Introduction: Malignant tumors of the urinary tract are associated with high morbidity and mortality, and their prevalence can vary worldwide. Recently, the IDENTIFY study has published results on the prevalence of urinary tract cancer at a global level. This study evaluates the prevalence of cancer within the Spanish cohort of the IDENTIFY study to determine whether the published results can be extrapolated to our population.

Prostatitis: A Review.

Purpose Of Review: Pathologies of the prostate in men are one of the most prevalent clinical conditions today [1]. Specifically, pelvic inflammatory disease such as prostatitis can cause symptoms and syndromes different from urological ones, such as bowel or nervous system manifestations. This has a largely negative impact on the quality of life of patients.

Repair of Traumatic Urethral Strictures: La Paz University Hospital Experience.

Introduction: The management of traumatic urethral strictures remains a challenge for urologists. Alteration of the pelvic anatomy and the significant fibrosis generated by the trauma make surgical repair complex. In most cases, the existing defect between the urethral ends is small, and the ideal treatment is end-to-end perineal urethroplasty.

Genital Mutilation in Males.

Purpose Of The Review: Genital mutilation in males can range from minor injuries (cuts from a blade) to severe urological emergencies (testicular or penile amputation). Due to the rarity of these events, there is a lack of extensive reports, as most of the available literature is regarding single cases. Genital mutilation has been associated with psychotic and non-psychotic causes, psychiatric conditions, drug consumption, sexual practices, or even cultural or religious beliefs.

CyTOF analysis identifies unusual immune cells in urine of BCG-treated bladder cancer patients.

High grade non-muscle-invasive bladder tumours are treated with transurethral resection followed by recurrent intravesical instillations of Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG). Although most bladder cancer patients respond well to BCG, there is no clinical parameter predictive of treatment response, and when treatment fails, the prognosis is very poor. Further, a high percentage of NMIBC patients treated with BCG suffer unwanted effects that force them to stop treatment.

[Analysis of renal tumor size as a predictive factor of oncological aggressiveness.].

Introduction: The increased incidenceof diagnosis of kidney tumours has driveninvestigation in the area. It is known that the risk ofmalignancy is correlated with tumour size, but thereare still no specific and objective parameters to characterizethe degree of aggressiveness and to be ableto guide a treatment reliably. OBJECTIVE: To identify the relationship betweenrenal tumour size and the incidence of tumour aggressivecharacteristics.

[Usefulness of the g8 questionnaire in predicting frailty in elderly patients with metastatic or castration-resistant prostate cancer.].

Objective: to assess the capacityof the G8 questionnaire for the detection of frailty inpatients over 75 years of age with metastatic or castrationresistant prostate cancer and the relationshipof the results of this questionnaire with clinical variables,laboratory data, quality of life, functional statusand comorbidity.

Material And Methods: Patients over the ageof 75 with metastatic or castration-resistant prostatecancer were evaluated using the G8 questionnaire.Those with a G8 15 were subjected to comprehensivegeriatric assessment in order to evaluate the abilityof this questionnaire to predict frailty.

[Urinary biomarkers in the diagnosis of prostate cancer.].

Introduction: The use of prostatespecific antigen (PSA) is useful for the diagnosis ofprostate cancer. Its main limitation is its low specificity,which has led to the search for new biomarkersin order to identify clinically significant prostatecancer and to reduce overdiagnosis and overtreatment.The aim of this article is to summarize the currentliterature on urinary biomarkers used in thediagnosis of prostate cancer.

The effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy among patients undergoing radical cystectomy for variant histology bladder cancer: A systematic review.

Objective: To systematically review the evidence about the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) with pure urothelial carcinoma (pUC) in radical cystectomy (RC) candidates affected by variant histology (VH) bladder cancer.

Methods: A review of the current literature was conducted through the Medline and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) PubMed, Scopus databases in May 2020. The updated Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed for this systematic review.

Blockade of β2-Adrenergic Receptor Reduces Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome is a rare inherited cancer disease where the lack of VHL protein triggers the development of multisystemic tumors such us retinal hemangioblastomas (HBs), CNS-HBs, and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Since standard therapies in VHL have shown limited response, leaving surgery as the only possible treatment, targeting of the β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) has shown therapeutic antitumor benefits on VHL-retinal HBs (clinical trial), VHL-CNS HBs, and VHL-ccRCC (in vitro and in vivo). In the present study, we wanted to look deep into the effects of the ADRB2 blockers propranolol and ICI-118,551 on two main aspects of cancer progression: (i) the changes on the inflammatory response of ccRCC cells; and (ii) the modulation on the Warburg effect (glycolytic metabolism), concretely, on the expression of genes involved in the cell reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance and levels.

[Kidney transplant urinary complications. Diagnosis and treatment.].

There are different surgical techniques for reconstruction of the urinary tract in kidney transplant. However, urinary complications are frequent in the postoperative period, being the ureter the frequent location of these complications. This results in high health care costs, increasing patient morbimortality and sometimes graft loss.

3D printed model for flexible ureteroscopy training, a low-cost option for surgical training.

Introduction: Training in experimental models is a valid option that improves the outcomes and shortens surgical learning curves. Our objective was to develop a 3D printed plastic model for teaching, training and education in flexible ureteroscopy, analyzing costs and suitability for the practice of this surgical technique.

Methods: A 3D printed model was developed based on a CT scan from a real-life patient's upper urinary tract.

The benefit of a neoadjuvant instillation of chemotherapy in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: Interim analysis of the PRECAVE randomized clinical trial.

Objective: Although an immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy (IPOIC) after transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) is recommended for the prevention of recurrences of non-muscleinvasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), evidence shows there is an important compliance failure worldwide. We believe that an immediate neoadjuvant instillation of chemotherapy (INAIC) can act similarly, reducing the recurrence risk of NMIBC. Here we present the interim analysis of the PRECAVE clinical trial.