Predicting and Avoiding Complications in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in the Era of Personalized Medicine: A Scoping Review.

Background: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is associated with a wide range of complications. This review aims to explore how recent technological advancements and personalized medicine can help prevent or predict these complications.

Methods: A scoping review was conducted according to the PRISMA-SCR guidelines and registered on the Open Science Framework in April 2024.

Practical guide for setting up a Fourier light-field microscope.

A practical guide for the easy implementation of a Fourier light-field microscope is reported. The Fourier light-field concept applied to microscopy allows the capture in real time of a series of 2D orthographic images of microscopic thick dynamic samples. Such perspective images contain spatial and angular information of the light-field emitted by the sample.

Focus Issue Introduction: 3D Image Acquisition and Display: Technology, Perception and Applications.

This Feature Issue of Optics Express is organized in conjunction with the 2022 Optica conference on 3D Image Acquisition and Display: Technology, Perception and Applications which was held in hybrid format from 11 to 15, July 2022 as part of the Imaging and Applied Optics Congress and Optical Sensors and Sensing Congress 2022 in Vancouver, Canada. This Feature Issue presents 31 articles which cover the topics and scope of the 2022 3D Image Acquisition and Display conference. This Introduction provides a summary of these published articles that appear in this Feature Issue.

Initial results of endourological treatment of renoureteral lithiasis by means of flexible ureteroscopy and percutaneous surgery in an outpatient procedure in a tertiary care center.

Objective: Urinary lithiasis is a prevalent disease with a high socioeconomic impact, where endourological surgery has shown excellent results with minimal complications. For its part, outpatient surgery is an efficient, safe and quality care model. We present our experience in the outpatient endourological treatment of lithiasis and a review of the main series.

Resolution limit in opto-digital systems revisited.

The resolution limit achievable with an optical system is a fundamental piece of information when characterizing its performance, mainly in case of microscopy imaging. Usually this information is given in the form of a distance, often expressed in microns, or in the form of a cutoff spatial frequency, often expressed in line pairs per mm. In modern imaging systems, where the final image is collected by pixelated digital cameras, the resolution limit is determined by the performance of both, the optical systems and the digital sensor.

Machine Learning-Based View Synthesis in Fourier Lightfield Microscopy.

Current interest in Fourier lightfield microscopy is increasing, due to its ability to acquire 3D images of thick dynamic samples. This technique is based on simultaneously capturing, in a single shot, and with a monocular setup, a number of orthographic perspective views of 3D microscopic samples. An essential feature of Fourier lightfield microscopy is that the number of acquired views is low, due to the trade-off relationship existing between the number of views and their corresponding lateral resolution.

Fourier lightfield microscopy: a practical design guide.

In this work, a practical guide for the design of a Fourier lightfield microscope is reported. The fundamentals of the Fourier lightfield are presented and condensed on a set of contour plots from which the user can select the design values of the spatial resolution, the field of view, and the depth of field, as function of the specifications of the hardware of the host microscope. This work guides the reader to select the parameters of the infinity-corrected microscope objective, the optical relay lenses, the aperture stop, the microlens array, and the digital camera.

Handheld and Cost-Effective Fourier Lightfield Microscope.

In this work, the design, building, and testing of the most portable, easy-to-build, robust, handheld, and cost-effective Fourier Lightfield Microscope (FLMic) to date is reported. The FLMic is built by means of a surveillance camera lens and additional off-the-shelf optical elements, resulting in a cost-effective FLMic exhibiting all the regular sought features in lightfield microscopy, such as refocusing and gathering 3D information of samples by means of a single-shot approach. The proposed FLMic features reduced dimensions and light weight, which, combined with its low cost, turn the presented FLMic into a strong candidate for in-field application where 3D imaging capabilities are pursued.

Three-dimensional imaging through patterned type-1 microscopy.

We report a scanning non-confocal fluorescence microscopy scheme that provides images with optical sectioning and with a lateral resolution that surpasses by a factor of two the diffraction resolution limit. This technique is based on the type-1 microscopy concept combined with patterned illumination. The method does not require the application of phase-shifting or post-processing algorithms and provides artifact-free superresolved 3D images.

Examining the utility of pinhole-type screens for lightfield display.

The use of microlens arrays for lightfield display has the drawback of providing images with strong chromatic aliasing. To overcome this problem, pinhole-type lightfield monitors are proposed. This paper is devoted to evaluating the capability for such lightfield monitors to offer the user a convincing 3D experience with images with enough brightness and continuous aspect.

The Lightfield Microscope Eyepiece.

Lightfield microscopy has raised growing interest in the last few years. Its ability to get three-dimensional information about the sample in a single shot makes it suitable for many applications in which time resolution is fundamental. In this paper we present a novel device, which is capable of converting any conventional microscope into a lightfield microscope.

Three-dimensional real-time darkfield imaging through Fourier lightfield microscopy.

We report a protocol that takes advantage of the Fourier lightfield microscopy concept for providing 3D darkfield images of volumetric samples in a single-shot. This microscope takes advantage of the Fourier lightfield configuration, in which a lens array is placed at the Fourier plane of the microscope objective, providing a direct multiplexing of the spatio-angular information of the sample. Using the proper illumination beam, the system collects the light scattered by the sample while the background light is blocked out.

Roadmap on 3D integral imaging: sensing, processing, and display.

This Roadmap article on three-dimensional integral imaging provides an overview of some of the research activities in the field of integral imaging. The article discusses various aspects of the field including sensing of 3D scenes, processing of captured information, and 3D display and visualization of information. The paper consists of a series of 15 sections from the experts presenting various aspects of the field on sensing, processing, displays, augmented reality, microscopy, object recognition, and other applications.

What about computational super-resolution in fluorescence Fourier light field microscopy?

Recently, Fourier light field microscopy was proposed to overcome the limitations in conventional light field microscopy by placing a micro-lens array at the aperture stop of the microscope objective instead of the image plane. In this way, a collection of orthographic views from different perspectives are directly captured. When inspecting fluorescent samples, the sensitivity and noise of the sensors are a major concern and large sensor pixels are required to cope with low-light conditions, which implies under-sampling issues.

Fast and robust phase-shift estimation in two-dimensional structured illumination microscopy.

A method of determining unknown phase-shifts between elementary images in two-dimensional Structured Illumination Microscopy (2D-SIM) is presented. The proposed method is based on the comparison of the peak intensity of spectral components. These components correspond to the inherent structured illumination spectral content and the residual component that appears from wrongly estimated phase-shifts.

Robust Depth Estimation for Light Field Microscopy.

Light field technologies have seen a rise in recent years and microscopy is a field where such technology has had a deep impact. The possibility to provide spatial and angular information at the same time and in a single shot brings several advantages and allows for new applications. A common goal in these applications is the calculation of a depth map to reconstruct the three-dimensional geometry of the scene.

Large Depth-of-Field Integral Microscopy by Use of a Liquid Lens.

Integral microscopy is a 3D imaging technique that permits the recording of spatial and angular information of microscopic samples. From this information it is possible to calculate a collection of orthographic views with full parallax and to refocus computationally, at will, through the 3D specimen. An important drawback of integral microscopy, especially when dealing with thick samples, is the limited depth of field (DOF) of the perspective views.

New Method of Microimages Generation for 3D Display.

In this paper, we propose a new method for the generation of microimages, which processes real 3D scenes captured with any method that permits the extraction of its depth information. The depth map of the scene, together with its color information, is used to create a point cloud. A set of elemental images of this point cloud is captured synthetically and from it the microimages are computed.

FIMic: design for ultimate 3D-integral microscopy of in-vivo biological samples.

In this work, Fourier integral microscope (FIMic), an ultimate design of 3D-integral microscopy, is presented. By placing a multiplexing microlens array at the aperture stop of the microscope objective of the host microscope, FIMic shows extended depth of field and enhanced lateral resolution in comparison with regular integral microscopy. As FIMic directly produces a set of orthographic views of the 3D-micrometer-sized sample, it is suitable for real-time imaging.

Resolution improvements in integral microscopy with Fourier plane recording.

Integral microscopes (IMic) have been recently developed in order to capture the spatial and the angular information of 3D microscopic samples with a single exposure. Computational post-processing of this information permits to carry out a 3D reconstruction of the sample. By applying conventional algorithms, both depth and also view reconstructions are possible.

Phase-shifting by means of an electronically tunable lens: quantitative phase imaging of biological specimens with digital holographic microscopy.

The use of an electronically tunable lens (ETL) to produce controlled phase shifts in interferometric arrangements is shown. The performance of the ETL as a phase-shifting device is experimentally validated in phase-shifting digital holographic microscopy. Quantitative phase maps of a section of the thorax of a Drosophila melanogaster fly and of human red blood cells have been obtained using our proposal.

Mapping electron-beam-injected trapped charge with scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy.

Scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) has been demonstrated as a valuable tool for mapping the optical and optoelectronic properties of materials with nanoscale resolution. Here we report experimental evidence that trapped electric charges injected by an electron beam at the surface of dielectric samples affect the sample-dipole interaction, which has direct impact on the s-SNOM image content. Nanoscale mapping of the surface trapped charge holds significant potential for the precise tailoring of the electrostatic properties of dielectric and semiconductive samples, such as hydroxyapatite, which has particular importance with respect to biomedical applications.

Free-depths reconstruction with synthetic impulse response in integral imaging.

Integral Imaging provides spatial and angular information of three-dimensional (3D) objects, which can be used both for 3D display and for computational post-processing purposes. In order to recover the depth information from an integral image, several algorithms have been developed. In this paper, we propose a new free depth synthesis and reconstruction method based on the two-dimensional (2D) deconvolution between the integral image and a simplified version of the periodic impulse response function (IRF) of the system.

Diabetes screening by telecentric digital holographic microscopy.

Diabetes is currently the world's fastest growing chronic disease and it is caused by deficient production of insulin by the endocrine pancreas or by abnormal insulin action in peripheral tissues. This results in persistent hyperglycaemia that over time may produce chronic diabetic complications. Determination of glycated haemoglobin level is currently the gold standard method to evaluate and control sustained hyperglycaemia in diabetic people.