Case report: Diagnostic challenge: a new multiple sclerosis "relapse" leading to the diagnosis of anaplastic astrocytoma.

Cerebral tumors and multiple sclerosis (MS) can show overlapping clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features and even occur concurrently. Due to the emergence of new symptoms, not usually MS related, an MRI was conducted in a 29-year-old woman with relapsing-remitting MS and showed a significant size progression of a parieto-occipital lesion, with mild clinical correlates, such as blurred vision, difficulty in speaking, and headache. Contrast-enhanced MRI and fluorothymidine positron-emission tomography (PET) did not point toward neoplasm, a lesion biopsy, however, showed astrocytoma, which was confirmed as grade III astrocytoma after the radical resection of the tumor.

Light sheet fluorescence microscopy of optically cleared brains for studying the glymphatic system.

Fluid transport in the perivascular space by the glia-lymphatic (glymphatic) system is important for the removal of solutes from the brain parenchyma, including peptides such as amyloid-beta which are implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The glymphatic system is highly active in the sleep state and under the influence of certain of anaesthetics, while it is suppressed in the awake state and by other anaesthetics. Here we investigated whether light sheet fluorescence microscopy of whole optically cleared murine brains was capable of detecting glymphatic differences in sleep- and awake-mimicking anaesthesia, respectively.

Differentiation of neural rosettes from human pluripotent stem cells in vitro is sequentially regulated on a molecular level and accomplished by the mechanism reminiscent of secondary neurulation.

Development of neural tube has been extensively modeled in vitro using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that are able to form radially organized cellular structures called neural rosettes. While a great amount of research has been done using neural rosettes, studies have only inadequately addressed how rosettes are formed and what the molecular mechanisms and pathways involved in their formation are. Here we address this question by detailed analysis of the expression of pluripotency and differentiation-associated proteins during the early onset of differentiation of hPSCs towards neural rosettes.