Surface modification of TiO nanoparticles with organic molecules and their biological applications.

In recent years, titanium(IV) dioxide nanoparticles (TiONPs) have shown promising potential in various biological applications such as antimicrobials, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, biosensors, and tissue engineering. For employing TiONPs in these fields, their nanosurface must be coated or conjugated with organic and/or inorganic agents. This modification can improve their stability, photochemical properties, biocompatibility, and even surface area for further conjugation with other molecules such as drugs, targeting molecules, polymers, This review describes the organic-based modification of TiONPs and their potential applications in the mentioned biological fields.