Submillimeter-Wave Spectroscopy of the CHO Radical.

The methoxy radical, CHO, has long been studied experimentally and theoretically by spectroscopists because it displays a weak Jahn-Teller effect in its electronic ground state, combined with a strong spin-orbit interaction. In this work, we report an extension of the measurement of the pure rotational spectrum of the radical in its vibrational ground state in the submillimeter-wave region (350-860 GHz). CHO was produced by H-abstraction from methanol using F atoms, and its spectrum was probed in absorption using an association of source-frequency modulation and Zeeman modulation spectroscopy.

High-Resolution Spectroscopic Investigation of the CHCHO Radical in the Sub-Millimeter Region.

In this work, the pure rotational spectrum of the vinoxy radical (CHCHO) has been studied at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths (110-860 GHz). CHCHO was produced by H-abstraction from acetaldehyde (CHCHO) using atomic fluorine in a double-pass absorption cell at room temperature. A Zeeman-modulation spectrometer, in which an external magnetic field generated inside the absorption cell is amplitude-modulated, was used to record the pure rotational transitions of the radical.

Frequency stable and low phase noise THz synthesis for precision spectroscopy.

We present a robust approach to generate a continuously tunable, low phase noise, Hz linewidth and mHz/s stability THz emission in the 0.1 THz to 1.4 THz range.

Formation of the methyl cation by photochemistry in a protoplanetary disk.

Forty years ago, it was proposed that gas-phase organic chemistry in the interstellar medium can be initiated by the methyl cation CH (refs. ), but so far it has not been observed outside the Solar System. Alternative routes involving processes on grain surfaces have been invoked.

Searches for bridged bicyclic molecules in space-norbornadiene and its cyano derivatives.

The norbornadiene (NBD) molecule, CH, owes its fame to its remarkable photoswitching properties that are promising for molecular solar-thermal energy storage systems. Besides this photochemical interest, NBD is a rather unreactive species within astrophysical conditions and it should exhibit high photostability, properties that might also position this molecule as an important constituent of the interstellar medium (ISM)-especially in environments that are well shielded from short-wavelength radiation, such as dense molecular clouds. It is thus conceivable that, once formed, NBD can survive in dense molecular clouds and act as a carbon sink.

A rotational investigation of the three isomeric forms of cyanoethynylbenzene (HCC-CH-CN): benchmarking experiments and calculations using the "Lego brick" approach.

We report the study of three structural isomers of phenylpropiolonitrile (3-phenyl-2-propynenitrile, CH-CN) containing an alkyne function and a cyano group, namely -, -, and -cyanoethynylbenzene (HCC-CH-CN). The pure rotational spectra of these species have been recorded at room temperature in the millimeter-wave domain using a chirped-pulse spectrometer (75-110 GHz) and a source-frequency modulation spectrometer (140-220 GHz). Assignments of transitions in the vibrational ground state and several vibrationally excited states were supported by quantum chemical calculations using the so-called "Lego brick" approach [A.

Insights into the molecular structure and infrared spectrum of the prebiotic species aminoacetonitrile.

Aminoacetonitrile is an interstellar molecule with a prominent prebiotic role, already detected in the chemically-rich molecular cloud Sagittarius B2(N) and postulated to be present in the atmosphere of the largest Saturn's moon, Titan. To further support its observation in such remote environments and laboratory experiments aimed at improving our understanding of interstellar chemistry, we report a thorough spectroscopic and structural characterization of aminoacetonitrile. Equilibrium geometry, fundamental bands as well as spectroscopic and molecular parameters have been accurately computed by exploiting a composite scheme rooted in the coupled-cluster theory that accounts for the extrapolation to the complete basis set limit and core-correlation effects.

Pure Rotational Spectroscopy of the CHCN Radical Extended to the Sub-Millimeter Wave Spectral Region.

We present a thorough pure rotational investigation of the CHCN radical in its ground vibrational state. Our measurements cover the millimeter and sub-millimeter wave spectral regions (79-860 GHz) using a W-band chirped-pulse instrument and a frequency multiplication chain-based spectrometer. The radical was produced in a flow cell at room temperature by H abstraction from acetonitrile using atomic fluorine.

Ring-Opening Dynamics of the Cyclopropyl Radical and Cation: the Transition State Nature of the Cyclopropyl Cation.

We provide compelling experimental and theoretical evidence for the transition state nature of the cyclopropyl cation. Synchrotron photoionization spectroscopy employing coincidence techniques together with a novel simulation based on high-accuracy ab initio calculations reveal that the cation is unstable via its allowed disrotatory ring-opening path. The ring strains of the cation and the radical are similar, but both ring opening paths for the radical are forbidden when the full electronic symmetries are considered.

Tunneling motion and splitting in the CHOH radical: (Sub-)millimeter wave spectrum analysis.

The (sub-)millimeter wave spectrum of the non-rigid CHOH radical is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Ab initio calculations are carried out to quantitatively characterize its potential energy surface as a function of the two large amplitude ∠HCOH and ∠HCOH dihedral angles. It is shown that the radical displays a large amplitude torsional-like motion of its CH group with respect to the OH group.

Unlocking synchrotron sources for THz spectroscopy at sub-MHz resolution.

Synchrotron radiation (SR) has proven to be an invaluable contributor to the field of molecular spectroscopy, particularly in the terahertz region (1-10 THz) where its bright and broadband properties are currently unmatched by laboratory sources. However, measurements using SR are currently limited to a resolution of around 30 MHz, due to the limits of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. To push the resolution limit further, we have developed a spectrometer based on heterodyne mixing of SR with a newly available THz molecular laser, which can operate at frequencies ranging from 1 to 5.

Intramolecular H-Bond Dynamics of Catechol Investigated by THz High-Resolution Spectroscopy of Its Low-Frequency Modes.

Catechol is an oxygenated aromatic volatile organic compound and a biogenic precursor of secondary organic aerosols. Monitoring this compound in the gas phase is desirable due to its appreciable reactivity with tropospheric ozone. From a molecular point of view, this molecule is attractive since the two adjacent hydroxy groups can interchangeably act as donor and acceptor in an intramolecular hydrogen bonding due to the tunnelling between two symmetrically equivalent structures.

Conformational Landscape of Oxygen-Containing Naphthalene Derivatives.

Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) constitute an important class of molecules found in various environments and are considered important pollutants of the Earth's atmosphere. In particular, functionalization of PACs modify the ring aromaticity, which greatly influences the chemical reactivity of these species. In this work we studied several oxygen-containing PACs, relevant to atmospheric chemistry.

Synchrotron-Based High Resolution Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of -Butadiene.

The high resolution far-infrared spectrum of -butadiene has been reinvestigated by Fourier-transform spectroscopy at two synchrotron radiation facilities, SOLEIL and the Canadian Light Source, at temperatures ranging from 50 to 340 K. Beyond the well-studied bands, two new fundamental bands lying below 1100 cm, ν and ν, have been assigned using a combination of cross-correlation (ASAP software) and Loomis-Wood type (LWWa software) diagrams. While the ν analysis was rather straightforward, ν exhibits obvious signs of a strong perturbation, presumably owing to interaction with the dark ν + ν state.

Jet-cooled rovibrational spectroscopy of methoxyphenols using two complementary FTIR and QCL based spectrometers.

Methoxyphenols (MPs) are a significant component of biomass burning emissions which mainly exists in our atmosphere in the gas phase where they contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Rovibrational spectroscopy is a promising tool to monitor atmospheric MPs and infer their role in SOA formation. In this study, we bring a new perspective on the rovibrational analysis of MP isomers by taking advantage of two complementary devices combining jet-cooled environments and absorption spectroscopy: the Jet-AILES and the SPIRALES setups.

Broadband terahertz heterodyne spectrometer exploiting synchrotron radiation at megahertz resolution.

A new spectrometer allowing both high resolution and broadband coverage in the terahertz (THz) domain is proposed. This instrument exploits the heterodyne technique between broadband synchrotron radiation and a quantum-cascade-laser-based molecular THz laser that acts as the local oscillator. Proof of principle for exploitation for spectroscopy is provided by the recording of molecular absorptions of hydrogen sulfide (HS) and methanol (CHOH) around 1.

Generation and structural characterization of Ge carbides GeC (n = 4, 5, 6) by laser ablation, broadband rotational spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry.

Following the recent discovery of T-shaped GeC, rotational spectra of three larger Ge carbides, linear GeC, GeC, and GeC have been observed using chirped pulse and cavity Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy and a laser ablation molecule source, guided by new high-level quantum chemical calculations of their molecular structure. Like their isovalent Si-bearing counterparts, Ge carbides with an even number of carbon atoms beyond GeC are predicted to possess Σ ground electronic states, while odd-numbered carbon chains are generally Σ; all are predicted to be highly polar. For the three new molecules detected in this work, rotational lines of four of the five naturally occurring Ge isotopic variants have been observed between 6 and 22 GHz.

Rotational Spectrum of the β-Cyanovinyl Radical: A Possible Astrophysical N-Heterocycle Precursor.

A fundamental question in the field of astrochemistry is whether the molecules essential to life originated in the interstellar medium (ISM), and, if so, how they were formed. Nitrogen-containing heterocycles are of particular interest because of their role in biology; however, to date, no N-heterocycle has been detected in the ISM, and it is unclear how and where such species might form. Recently, the β-cyanovinyl radical (HCCHCN) was implicated in the low-temperature gas-phase formation of pyridine.

The Hunt for Elusive Molecules: Insights from Joint Theoretical and Experimental Investigations.

Rotational spectroscopy is an invaluable tool to unambiguously determine the molecular structure of a species, and sometimes even to establish its very existence. This article illustrates how experimental and theoretical state-of-the-art tools can be used in tandem to investigate the rotational structure of molecules, with particular emphasis on those that have long remained elusive. The examples of three emblematic species-gauche-butadiene, disilicon carbide, and germanium dicarbide-highlight the close, mutually beneficial interaction between high-level theoretical calculations and sensitive microwave measurements.

Sulfur monoxide thermal release from an anthracene-based precursor, spectroscopic identification, and transfer reactivity.

Sulfur monoxide (SO) is a highly reactive molecule and thus, eludes bulk isolation. We report here on synthesis and reactivity of a molecular precursor for SO generation, namely 7-sulfinylamino-7-azadibenzonorbornadiene (). This compound has been shown to fragment readily driven by dinitrogen expulsion and anthracene formation on heating in the solid state and in solution, releasing SO at mild temperatures (<100 °C).

Vibrational satellites of CS, CS, and CS: microwave spectral taxonomy as a stepping stone to the millimeter-wave band.

We present a microwave spectral taxonomy study of several hydrocarbon/CS2 discharge mixtures in which more than 60 distinct chemical species, their more abundant isotopic species, and/or their vibrationally excited states were detected using chirped-pulse and cavity Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopies. Taken together, in excess of 85 unique variants were detected, including several new isotopic species and more than 25 new vibrationally excited states of C2S, C3S, and C4S, which have been assigned on the basis of published vibration-rotation interaction constants for C3S, or newly calculated ones for C2S and C4S. On the basis of these precise, low-frequency measurements, several vibrationally exited states of C2S and C3S were subsequently identified in archival millimeter-wave data in the 253-280 GHz frequency range, ultimately providing highly accurate catalogs for astronomical searches.

The Molecular Structure of gauche-1,3-Butadiene: Experimental Establishment of Non-planarity.

The planarity of the second stable conformer of 1,3-butadiene, the archetypal diene for the Diels-Alder reaction in which a planar conjugated diene and a dienophile combine to form a ring, is not established. The most recent high level calculations predicted the species to adopt a twisted, gauche structure owing to steric interactions between the inner terminal hydrogens rather than a planar, cis structure favored by the conjugation of the double bonds. The structure cis-1,3-butadiene is unambiguously confirmed experimentally to indeed be gauche with a substantial dihedral angle of 34°, in excellent agreement with theory.

High resolution study of the ν and ν rovibrational fundamental bands of thionyl chloride: Interplay of an evolutionary algorithm and a line-by-line analysis.

The ν and ν fundamental bands of thionyl chloride (SOCl) were measured in the 420 cm-550 cm region using the FT-far-IR spectrometer exploiting synchrotron radiation on the AILES beamline at SOLEIL. A straightforward line-by-line analysis is complicated by the high congestion of the spectrum due to both the high density of SOCl rovibrational bands and the presence of the ν fundamental band of sulfur dioxide produced by hydrolysis of SOCl with residual water. To overcome this difficulty, our assignment procedure for the main isotopologues SOCl and SOClCl alternates between a direct fit of the spectrum, via a global optimization technique, and a traditional line-by-line analysis.

Electron Donor-Acceptor Nature of the Ethanol-CO Dimer.

Supercritical CO is an appealing nontoxic, environmentally friendly solvent for the industrial extraction of many classes of compounds, from caffeine to natural product drug precursors to petrochemical impurities. Apolar in isolation, the ability of supercritical CO to dissolve polar species has been empirically shown to be greatly enhanced by the addition of a small molar percentage of a polar cosolvent, often ethanol. Computational work predicts that the isolated ethanol-CO complex can exist either in an electron-donor configuration or through a hydrogen-bonding one; yet, neither has been previously experimentally observed.

Germanium Dicarbide: Evidence for a T-Shaped Ground State Structure.

The equilibrium structure of germanium dicarbide GeC has been an open question since the late 1950s. Although most high-level quantum calculations predict an L-shaped geometry, a T-shaped or even a linear geometry cannot be ruled out because of the very flat potential energy surface. By recording the rotational spectrum of this dicarbide using sensitive microwave and millimeter techniques, we unambiguously establish that GeC adopts a vibrationally averaged T-shaped structure in its ground state.