Many state-of-the art machine learning (ML) interatomic potentials are based on a local or semi-local (message-passing) representation of chemical environments. They, therefore, lack a description of long-range electrostatic interactions and non-local charge transfer. In this context, there has been much interest in developing ML-based charge equilibration models, which allow the rigorous calculation of long-range electrostatic interactions and the energetic response of molecules and materials to external fields.
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