Cutaneous innate lymphoid populations drive IL-17A-mediated immunity in Nannizzia gypsea dermatophytosis.

Fungal skin infections significantly contribute to the global human disease burden, yet our understanding of cutaneous immunity against dermatophytes remains limited. Previously, we developed a model of epicutaneous infection with Microsporum canis in C57BL/6 mice, which highlighted the critical role of IL-17RA signaling in anti-dermatophyte defenses. Here, we expanded our investigation to the human pathogen Nannizzia gypsea and demonstrated that skin γδTCRint and CD8/CD4 double-negative βTCR+ T cells are the principal producers of IL-17A during dermatophytosis.

Selective and non-selective evolutionary signatures found in the simplest replicative biological entities.

Mitoviruses, which are considered evolutionary relics of extinct alpha-proteobacteria RNA phages, represent one of the simplest self-replicating biological systems. This study aims to quantitatively describe genomes and identify potential genomic signatures that support the protein phylogenetic-based classification criterion. Genomic variables, such as mononucleotide and dinucleotide composition, codon usage bias, and minimal free energy derived from optimized predicted RNA secondary structure, were analyzed.

Association between altered tryptophan metabolism, plasma aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists, and inflammatory Chagas disease.

Introduction: Chagas disease causes a cardiac illness characterized by immunoinflammatory reactions leading to myocardial fibrosis and remodeling. The development of Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy (CCC) in some patients while others remain asymptomatic is not fully understood, but dysregulated inflammatory responses are implicated. The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) plays a crucial role in regulating inflammation.

Antioxidant activity of chia flour as a food supplement in a cellular model: Repercussions of processing and digestion.

Food processing and digestion can alter bioactive compound composition of food, affecting their potential biological activity. In this study, we evaluated the direct and protective antioxidant effects of polyphenols extracted from defatted chia flour (DCF) (salviaflaside, rosmarinic and fertaric acid as major compounds), sweet cookies supplemented with DCF (CFC) (same major compounds), and their digested fractions (rosmarinic acid, salviaflaside, fertaric and salvianolic E/B/L acid as major compounds) in HepG2 cells in basal and in oxidative stress conditions. DCF showed protective antioxidant effects by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protein oxidation products (POP) while increasing reduced glutathione (GSH).

Unveiling Fresh-Cut Lettuce Processing in Argentine Industries: Evaluating Levels Using Predictive Microbiology Models.

A survey was performed to gather information on the processing steps, conditions, and practices employed by industries processing ready-to-eat (RTE) leafy vegetables in Argentina. A total of seven industries participated in the survey. A cluster analysis of the data obtained was performed to identify homogeneous groups among the participating industries.

Effects of chlorine and peroxyacetic acid wash treatments on growth kinetics of Salmonella in fresh-cut lettuce.

Fresh-cut produces are often consumed uncooked, thus proper sanitation is essential for preventing cross contamination. The reduction and subsequent growth of Salmonella enterica sv Thompson were studied in pre-cut iceberg lettuce washed with simulated wash water (SWW), sodium hypochlorite (SH, free chlorine 25 mg/L), and peroxyacetic acid (PAA, 80 mg/L) and stored for 9 days under modified atmosphere at 9, 13, and 18 °C. Differences in reduction between SH and PAA were non-existent.

Putative Mitoviruses without In-Frame UGA(W) Codons: Evolutionary Implications.

Mitoviruses are small vertically transmitted RNA viruses found in fungi, plants and animals. Taxonomically, a total of 105 species and 4 genera have been formally recognized by ICTV, and recently, 18 new putative species have been included in a new proposed genus. Transcriptomic and metatranscriptomic studies are a major source of countless new virus-like sequences that are continually being added to open databases and these may be good sources for identifying new putative mitoviruses.

Autophagy modulates growth and development in the moss .

apical growing protonemal cells have the singularity that they continue to undergo cell divisions as the plant develops. This feature provides a valuable tool to study autophagy in the context of a multicellular apical growing tissue coupled to development. Herein, we showed that the core autophagy machinery is present in the moss , and characterized the 2D and 3D growth and development of and loss-of-function mutants under optimal and nutrient-deprived conditions.

An in silico analysis revealed a novel evolutionary lineage of putative mitoviruses.

Mitoviruses (family Mitoviridae) are small capsid-less RNA viruses that replicate in the mitochondria of fungi and plants. However, to date, the only authentic animal mitovirus infecting an insect was identified as Lutzomyia longipalpis mitovirus 1 (LulMV1). Public databases of transcriptomic studies from several animals may be a good source for identifying the often missed mitoviruses.

Diazinon toxicity in hepatic and spleen mononuclear cells is associated to early induction of oxidative stress.

Diazinon is an organophosphorus pesticide, which may have potential toxic effects on the liver and immune system; however, the underlying mechanisms remain mostly unidentified. This work is aimed at evaluating the oxidative stress and cell cycle alterations elicited by low-dose diazinon in a rat liver cell line (BRL-3A) and spleen mononuclear cells (SMC) from Wistar rats. Diazinon (10-50 μM) caused early reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (from 4 h) as well as increased O level (from 0.

Where Does the Peanut Smut Pathogen, , Fit in the Spectrum of Smut Diseases?

Smut fungi, such as , have been studied extensively as a model for plant-pathogenic basidiomycetes. However, little attention has been paid to smut diseases of agronomic importance that are caused by species of the genus , probably due to their more localized distribution. Peanut smut incited by has been reported only in South America, and Argentina is the only country where this disease has been noted in commercial peanut production.

A Survey of Mycoviral Infection in spp. Isolated from Maize and Sorghum in Argentina Identifies the First Mycovirus from .

Mycoviruses appear to be widespread in species worldwide. The aim of this work was to identify mycoviral infections in spp., isolated from maize and sorghum grown in Argentina, and to estimate their potential effects on the pathogenicity and toxigenesis of the host fungus towards maize.

Deficiency of CD73 activity promotes protective cardiac immunity against Trypanosoma cruzi infection but permissive environment in visceral adipose tissue.

Damaged cells release the pro-inflammatory signal ATP, which is degraded by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 to the anti-inflammatory mediator adenosine (ADO). The balance between ATP/ADO is known to determine the outcome of inflammation/infection. However, modulation of the local immune response in different tissues due to changes in the balance of purinergic metabolites has yet to be investigated.

Bioaccessibility of polyphenols and antioxidant properties of the white grape by simulated digestion and Caco-2 cell assays: Comparative study with its winemaking product.

The primary objective of this study was to assess the changes on phenolic composition and AC (antioxidant capacity) of white grape and its winemaking product, during in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion. Phenolic compounds were evaluated by HPLC-MS/MS. The AC was measured by in vitro (FRAP, ABTS and DPPH) and cellular (Caco-2 cells) assays.

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles: Decoding their mechanism of action in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

The oxidative stress generation in bacteria by the presence of antibiotics (in this case silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)) is already widely known. Previously, we demonstrated that AgNPs generate oxidative stress in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli mediated by the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this work we are demonstrating the consequences of the oxidative stress by the presence of AgNPs; these bacterial strains increased the levels of oxidized proteins and lipids.

IL-17-Mediated Immunity Controls Skin Infection and T Helper 1 Response during Experimental Microsporum canis Dermatophytosis.

Despite worldwide prevalence of superficial mycoses, the immune response in dermatophytosis has scarcely been investigated. In this study, we developed a model of superficial skin infection in C57BL/6 mice with Microsporum canis, a highly prevalent human pathogen. This model mimics mild inflammatory human dermatophytosis, characterized by neutrophil recruitment and fungal invasion limited to the epidermis and exhibits the establishment of a specific T helper type 17 immune response during infection.

3-Hydroxykynurenine, a Tryptophan Metabolite Generated during the Infection, Is Active Against .

The antiparasitic activity of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), one of the major tryptophan catabolites of the kynurenine pathway, against both evolutive forms that are important for human infection, trypomastigotes (Tps) and amastigotes (Am), possible targets in the parasite and the drug toxicity to mammalian cells have been investigated. 3-HK showed a potent activity against Am with IC values in the micromolar concentration range, while the IC values to cause Tps death was ∼6000-times higher, indicating that the replicative form present in the vertebrate hosts is much more susceptible to 3-HK than bloodstream Tps. In addition, 3-HK showed activity against Tps and Am, at concentrations that did not exhibit toxicity to mammalian cells.

The aflatoxin B -fumonisin B toxicity in BRL-3A hepatocytes is associated to induction of cytochrome P450 activity and arachidonic acid metabolism.

Human oral exposure to aflatoxin B (AFB ) and fumonisin B (FB ) is associated with increased hepatocellular carcinoma. Although evidence suggested interactive AFB -FB hepatotoxicity, the underlying mechanisms remain mostly unidentified. This work was aimed at evaluating the possible AFB -FB interplay to induce genetic and cell cycle toxicities in BRL-3A rat hepatocytes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) involvement, and the AFB metabolizing pathways cytochrome P450 (CYP) and arachidonic acid (ArAc) metabolism as ROS contributors.

IL-6 promotes M2 macrophage polarization by modulating purinergic signaling and regulates the lethal release of nitric oxide during Trypanosoma cruzi infection.

The production of nitric oxide (NO) is a key defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens but it must be tightly controlled in order to avoid excessive detrimental oxidative stress. In this study we described a novel mechanism through which interleukin (IL)-6 mediates the regulation of NO release induced in response to Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Using a murine model of Chagas disease, we found that, in contrast to C57BL/6 wild type (WT) mice, IL-6-deficient (IL6KO) mice exhibited a dramatic increase in plasma NO levels concomitant with a significantly higher amount of circulating IL-1β and inflammatory monocytes.

Toxin distribution and sphingoid base imbalances in Fusarium verticillioides-infected and fumonisin B1-watered maize seedlings.

Fusarium verticillioides is a major maize pathogen and there are susceptible and resistant cultivars to this fungal infection. Recent studies suggest that its main mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) may be involved in phytopathogenicity, but the underlying mechanisms are mostly still unknown. This work was aimed at assessing whether FB1 disseminates inside the plants, as well as identifying possible correlations between the maize resistant/susceptible phenotype and the unbalances of the FB1-structurally-related sphingoid base sphinganine (Sa) and phytosphingosine (Pso) due to toxin accumulation.

Effect of surface charge on the interfacial orientation and conformation of FB1 in model membranes.

The toxicity of FB1 is usually explained through the enzymatic disruption of lipidic metabolism. However, it may lie in the thermodynamics of the membrane and its cooperative phase behavior rather than in the activity of individual proteins. Here, we investigate the effects of FB1 at the molecular and mesoscopic levels in FB1-phospholipid mixed Langmuir films.

Reactive oxygen species sources and biomolecular oxidative damage induced by aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 in rat spleen mononuclear cells.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB(1)) and fumonisin B1 (FB(1)) are mycotoxins widely found as cereal contaminants. Their immunotoxicities predispose to infectious diseases and may alter the tumor immunosurveillance of human and animals, but the mechanisms underlying have not been fully elucidated, and the induction of oxidative stress has been proposed as a probable mechanism. This work was aimed at evaluating in spleen mononuclear cells (SMC) from Wistar rats the effects of the exposure, in vitro for up to 48 h, to 20 μM AFB(1), 10 μM FB(1) and AFB(1)-FB(1) mixture (MIX), over cellular oxidative status, as well as at elucidating the contribution of different reactive oxygen species (ROS) to biomolecular oxidative damage, the biochemical pathways involved, and the probable interaction of both toxins to induce oxidative stress.