Sulfonamides and β-lactam antibiotic residues and human health risk assessment in commercial chicken meat sold in Nairobi City, Kenya.

The use of antibiotic pharmaceuticals in chicken husbandry has risen steadily over time. Antibiotic residues in chicken meat poses risks to human health in addition to their contribution to the advancement of antibiotic resistance. Despite the increased use of antibiotics in chicken farming in Kenya, assessments of the residues and human exposure have not been conducted.

Occurrence of antibiotics residues in hospital wastewater, wastewater treatment plant, and in surface water in Nairobi County, Kenya.

The occurrence of 17 antibiotics belonging to sulfonamides, β-lactams, macrolides and aminoglycosides classes, and trimethoprim in raw hospital wastewater, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and surface water was determined. Residual antibiotics were quantified by LC/MS/MS. Residues of antibiotics in hospital wastewater were 3-10 times higher than that detected in WWTP and surface water.