Secondhand Nicotine Absorption From E-Cigarette Vapor vs Tobacco Smoke in Children.

Importance: With the prevalence of e-cigarette use (vaping) increasing worldwide, there are concerns about children's exposure to secondhand vapor.

Objective: To compare nicotine absorption among children who are (1) exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke only or (2) exposed to secondhand vapor only with (3) those exposed to neither.

Design, Setting, And Participants: The US Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a repeat cross-sectional survey.

Children's exposure to second-hand smoke 10 years on from smoke-free legislation in England: Cotinine data from the Health Survey for England 1998-2018.

Background: We aimed to investigate trends in children's exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke in England from 1998 to 2018.

Methods: We used twenty-one years of data from the Health Survey for England, a yearly repeated cross-sectional population study. A total of 49,460 children participated between 1998 and 2018, of whom 17,463 were biochemically confirmed non-smokers aged 4-15.

Dependence on nicotine in US high school students in the context of changing patterns of tobacco product use.

Background And Aim: There have been substantial recent changes in youth tobacco product use in the United States-including, notably, a rapid increase in use of e-cigarettes. It is not known whether, and if so how far, these changes are reflected in levels of nicotine dependence. This study used data from a large, nationally representative sample of US adolescents to (i) estimate the annual prevalence of nicotine dependence in relation to current use of tobacco products, (ii) describe trends in dependence over time and (iii) evaluate whether the increase in youth use of tobacco products has been paralleled by a similar increase in the population burden of nicotine dependence.

England SimSmoke: the impact of nicotine vaping on smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths in England.

Background And Aims: Whereas the use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) is widespread, their impact on smoking prevalence is controversial. This study considered the potential impact of NVPs on smoking prevalence in England.

Design: Indirect simulation model.

Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use and Abstinence: 2019 Update.

Background: The changing prevalence and patterns of tobacco use, the advent of novel nicotine delivery devices, and the development of new biomarkers prompted an update of the 2002 Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) report on whether and how to apply biomarker verification for tobacco use and abstinence.

Methods: The SRNT Treatment Research Network convened a group of investigators with expertise in tobacco biomarkers to update the recommendations of the 2002 SNRT Biochemical Verification Report.

Results: Biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence increases scientific rigor and is recommended in clinical trials of smoking cessation, when feasible.

Recent trends in children's exposure to second-hand smoke in England: cotinine evidence from the Health Survey for England.

Aims: To examine changes in children's exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke in England since 1998.

Design: Repeated cross-sectional surveys of the general population in England.

Setting: The Health Survey for England.

Variation in nicotine intake among U.S. cigarette smokers during the past 25 years: evidence from NHANES surveys.

Objective: To estimate changes in nicotine intakes among U.S. cigarette smokers from 1988 to 2012 with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Tobacco use in 3 billion individuals from 16 countries: an analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional household surveys.

Background: Despite the high global burden of diseases caused by tobacco, valid and comparable prevalence data for patterns of adult tobacco use and factors influencing use are absent for many low-income and middle-income countries. We assess these patterns through analysis of data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS).

Methods: Between Oct 1, 2008, and March 15, 2010, GATS used nationally representative household surveys with comparable methods to obtain relevant information from individuals aged 15 years or older in 14 low-income and middle-income countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Mexico, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, and Vietnam).

Dispelling myths about gender differences in smoking cessation: population data from the USA, Canada and Britain.

Objectives: Based mainly on findings from clinical settings, it has been claimed that women are less likely than men to quit smoking successfully. If true, this would have important implications for tobacco control interventions. The authors aimed to test this possibility using data from general population surveys.

Did smokefree legislation in England reduce exposure to secondhand smoke among nonsmoking adults? Cotinine analysis from the Health Survey for England.

Background: On 1 July 2007, smokefree legislation was implemented in England, which made virtually all enclosed public places and workplaces smokefree.

Objectives: We examined trends in and predictors of secondhand smoke exposure among nonsmoking adults to determine whether exposure changed after the introduction of smokefree legislation and whether these changes varied by socioeconomic status (SES) and by household smoking status.

Methods: We analyzed salivary cotinine data from the Health Survey for England that were collected in 7 of 11 annual surveys undertaken between 1998 and 2008.

The intergenerational transmission of thinness.

Objectives: To examine intergenerational associations for thinness and to compare maternal and paternal effects.

Design: Population-based, cross-sectional design using data from the Health Survey for England from January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2006.

Setting: The Health Survey for England, an annual, national survey representative of the population living in private households in England.

'The smoking toolkit study': a national study of smoking and smoking cessation in England.

Background: Up-to-date data tracking of national smoking patterns and cessation-related behaviour is required to evaluate and inform tobacco control strategies. The Smoking Toolkit Study (STS) was designed for this role. This paper describes the methodology of the STS and examines as far as possible the representativeness of the samples.

Impact of smoke-free legislation on children's exposure to secondhand smoke: cotinine data from the Health Survey for England.

Objective: To examine the impact of the ban on smoking in enclosed public places implemented in England in July 2007 on children's exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke.

Design: Repeated cross-sectional surveys of the general population in England.

Setting: The Health Survey for England.

Impact of tobacco control policies on exhaled carbon monoxide in non-smokers.

Background: Passive smoking is a serious health risk in non-smokers. The strength of tobacco control policies of the EU countries vary. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure, as assessed by exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO), and the strength of national tobacco control policies, in non-smokers in the EU.

Trends in and predictors of second-hand smoke exposure indexed by cotinine in children in England from 1996 to 2006.

Aims: To explore trends in and predictors of second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in children. To identify whether inequalities in SHS exposure are changing over time.

Design: Repeated cross-sectional study with data from eight annual surveys conducted over an 11-year period from 1996 to 2006.

Comparing maternal and paternal intergenerational transmission of obesity risk in a large population-based sample.

Background: Previous research showed childhood obesity to be more strongly associated with maternal weight than with paternal weight. However, confidence in this finding is limited by the lack of objectively measured data from both parents.

Objective: We quantified the individual and combined effects of maternal and paternal overweight/obesity on obesity risk in children.

The place for harm reduction and product regulation in UK tobacco control policy.

Tobacco use remains the leading cause of preventable death in this country and more needs to be done to reduce smoking rates. Harm reduction is one policy option. Smokers smoke for the nicotine, but die from the other toxins in cigarette smoke.

Nicotine intake in cigarette smokers in England: distribution and demographic correlates.

Documenting smoke intake by objective biochemical markers is important for quantification of exposure to toxins. The aim of this report is to show the most definitive distribution of the nicotine metabolite, cotinine, yet available from English smokers in the period before implementation of the legislation banning smoking in indoor public areas. A total of 6,423 cigarette smokers, ages 16 years and above, taking part in the Health Survey for England between 1998 and 2003 provided a saliva cotinine value.

Awareness of lifestyle risk factors for cancer and heart disease among adults in the UK.

Objective: To examine and compare awareness of lifestyle risk factors for cancer and heart disease in a single UK representative sample.

Methods: Two open-ended questions about cancer and heart disease risk factors were included in a population-based survey of 1747 adults. Responses were coded for four lifestyles with established links to both diseases: smoking, eating an unhealthy diet, drinking excessive alcohol and physical inactivity.

Assessing smoking status in children, adolescents and adults: cotinine cut-points revisited.

Aims: To reassess saliva cotinine cut-points to discriminate smoking status. Cotinine cut-points that are in use were derived from relatively small samples of smokers and non-smokers 20 or more years ago. It is possible that optimal cut-points may have changed as prevalence and exposure to passive smoking have declined.

Psychological and behavioural impact of genetic testing smokers for lung cancer risk: a phase II exploratory trial.

The behavioural and psychological impact of genetic testing for lung cancer susceptibility was examined among smokers (N = 61) who were randomly allocated to a GSTM1 genetic testing group (with GSTM1-missing or GSTM1-present result) or no-test control group. The GSTM1-missing (higher risk) group reported greater motivation to quit smoking, and both genetic testing groups reported lower depression than the control group at one-week follow-up (p < .05 for all).

Smoking status of step-parents as a risk factor for smoking in adolescence.

Aim: To examine the extent to which smoking by step-parents and biological parents predicts adolescent smoking. DESIGN Five-year cohort study. SETTING Thirty-six schools in South London, England.