Visual evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis: P100 latency and visual pathway damage including the lateral geniculate nucleus.

Objective: To explore associations of the main component (P100) of visual evoked potentials (VEP) to pre- and postchiasmatic damage in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods: 31 patients (median EDSS: 2.5), 13 with previous optic neuritis (ON), and 31 healthy controls had VEP, optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

Cefepime-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Setting of Acute Kidney Injury: A Case Series and Discussion of Preventive Measures.

Neurotoxicity is a well-described adverse effect of cefepime. Clinical presentation includes mild neurological deficits, aphasia, impairment of consciousness, and even nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Impaired kidney function is considered the most important risk factor for cefepime-induced neurotoxicity (CIN) and frequently occurs during the course of critical diseases with concomitant acute kidney injury (AKI).

Case Report: A 72-Year-Old Woman With Progressive Motor Weakness, Dry Eyes and High Levels of Serum Neurofilament Light Chain.

Background: Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is challenging as initial presentations are various and diagnostic biomarkers are lacking. The diagnosis relies on the presence of both upper and lower motor neuron signs and thorough exclusion of differential diagnoses, particularly as receiving an ALS diagnosis has major implications for the patient. Sjögren's syndrome may mimic peripheral ALS phenotypes and should be considered in the work-up.

Multimodal Evoked Potentials as Candidate Prognostic and Response Biomarkers in Clinical Trials of Multiple Sclerosis.

Evoked potentials (EPs) measure quantitatively and objectively the alterations of central signal propagation in multiple sclerosis and have long been used for diagnosis. More recently, their utility for prognosis has been demonstrated in several studies, summarizing multiple EP modalities in a single score. In particular, visual, somatosensory, and motor EPs are useful because of their sensitivity to pathology in the frequently affected optic nerve, somatosensory tract, and pyramidal system.

Validation of Quantitative Scores Derived From Motor Evoked Potentials in the Assessment of Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis: A Longitudinal Study.

To evaluate the sensitivity to change of differently calculated quantitative scores from motor evoked potentials (MEP) in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS). Twenty patients with PPMS had MEP to upper and lower limbs at baseline, years 1 and 2 measured in addition to clinical assessment [Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), ambulation score]; a subsample ( = 9) had a nine-hole peg test (NHPT) and a timed 25-foot walk (T25FW). Quantitative MEP scores for upper limbs (qMEP-UL), lower limbs (qMEP-LL), and all limbs (qMEP) were calculated in three different ways, based on -transformed central motor conduction time (CMCT), shortest corticomuscular latency (CxM-sh), and mean CxM (CxM-mn).

Multicentre assessment of motor and sensory evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis: reliability and implications for clinical trials.

Background: Motor and sensory evoked potentials (EP) are potential candidate biomarkers for clinical trials in multiple sclerosis.

Objective: To determine test -retest reliability of motor EP (MEP) and sensory EP (SEP) and associated EP-scores in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Methods: In three centres, 16 relapsing and five progressive multiple sclerosis patients had MEPs and SEPs 1-29 days apart.

Damage of the lateral geniculate nucleus in MS: Assessing the missing node of the visual pathway.

Objective: To study if the thalamic lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is affected in multiple sclerosis (MS) due to anterograde degeneration from optic neuritis (ON) or retrograde degeneration from optic radiation (OR) pathology, and if this is relevant for visual function.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, LGN volume of 34 patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 33 matched healthy controls (HC) was assessed on MRI using atlas-based automated segmentation (MAGeT). ON history, thickness of the ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL), OR lesion volume, and fractional anisotropy (FA) of normal-appearing OR (NAOR-FA) were assessed as measures of afferent visual pathway damage.

A new role for evoked potentials in MS? Repurposing evoked potentials as biomarkers for clinical trials in MS.

Evoked potentials (EP) characterize signal conduction in selected tracts of the central nervous system in a quantifiable way. Since alteration of signal conduction is the main mechanism of symptoms and signs in multiple sclerosis (MS), multimodal EP may serve as a representative measure of the functional impairment in MS. Moreover, EP have been shown to be predictive for disease course, and thus might help to select patient groups at high risk of progression for clinical trials.

Clinical evoked potentials in neurology: a review of techniques and indications.

Evoked potentials (EPs) are a powerful and cost-effective tool for evaluating the integrity and function of the central nervous system. Although imaging techniques, such as MRI, have recently become increasingly important in the diagnosis of neurological diseases, over the past 30 years, many neurologists have continued to employ EPs in specific clinical applications. This review presents an overview of the recent evolution of 'classical' clinical applications of EPs in terms of early diagnosis and disease monitoring and is an extension of a previous review published in this journal in 2005 by Walsh and collaborators.

Fluctuations of spontaneous EEG topographies predict disease state in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Spontaneous fluctuations of neuronal activity in large-scale distributed networks are a hallmark of the resting brain. In relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) several fMRI studies have suggested altered resting-state connectivity patterns. Topographical EEG analysis reveals much faster temporal fluctuations in the tens of milliseconds time range (termed "microstates"), which showed altered properties in a number of neuropsychiatric conditions.

Reliability of Functional Connectivity of Electroencephalography Applying Microstate-Segmented Versus Classical Calculation of Phase Lag Index.

Connectivity analysis characterizes normal and altered brain function, for example, using the phase lag index (PLI), which is based on phase relations. However, reliability of PLI over time is limited, especially for single- or regional-link analysis. One possible cause is repeated changes of network configuration during registration.

Quantitative EEG and Cognitive Decline in Parkinson's Disease.

Cognitive decline is common with the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Different candidate biomarkers are currently studied for the risk of dementia in PD. Several studies have shown that quantitative EEG (QEEG) is a promising predictor of PD-related cognitive decline.

Monitoring multiple sclerosis by multimodal evoked potentials: Numerically versus ordinally scaled scoring systems.

Objective: To compare the ability of different evoked potential scores (EPS) to monitor and predict the disease course in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods: Seventy-two patients with MS or clinically isolated syndrome were investigated by visual, motor, and somatosensory EP and expanded disability status scale (EDSS) at baseline (T0) and months 6, 12, 24, 36 (T4). EP results were rated according to ordinal (o), semi-quantitative (sq), and quantitative (q) EPS.

Microstate connectivity alterations in patients with early Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: Electroencephalography (EEG) microstates and brain network are altered in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and discussed as potential biomarkers for AD. Microstates correspond to defined states of brain activity, and their connectivity patterns may change accordingly. Little is known about alteration of connectivity in microstates, especially in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment with stable or improving cognition within 30 months (aMCI).

Correlation of EEG slowing with cognitive domains in nondemented patients with Parkinson's disease.

Background: Cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD) are heterogeneous and can be classified into cognitive domains. Quantitative EEG is related to and predictive of cognitive status in PD. In this cross-sectional study, the relationship of cognitive domains and EEG slowing in PD patients without dementia is investigated.

Power spectra for screening parkinsonian patients for mild cognitive impairment.

Objective: Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD-MCI) is diagnosed based on the results of a standardized set of cognitive tests. We investigate whether quantitative EEG (qEEG) measures could identify differences between cognitively normal PD (PD-CogNL) and PD-MCI patients.

Methods: High-resolution EEG was recorded in 53 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Slowing of EEG background activity in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease with early cognitive dysfunction.

Background: Slowing of the electroencephalogram (EEG) is frequent in Parkinson's (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and correlates with cognitive decline. As overlap pathology plays a role in the pathogenesis of dementia, it is likely that demented patients in PD show similar physiological alterations as in AD.

Objective: To analyze distinctive quantitative EEG characteristics in early cognitive dysfunction in PD and AD.

Reproducibility of functional connectivity and graph measures based on the phase lag index (PLI) and weighted phase lag index (wPLI) derived from high resolution EEG.

Functional connectivity (FC) and graph measures provide powerful means to analyze complex networks. The current study determines the inter-subject-variability using the coefficient of variation (CoV) and long-term test-retest-reliability (TRT) using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) in 44 healthy subjects with 35 having a follow-up at years 1 and 2. FC was estimated from 256-channel-EEG by the phase-lag-index (PLI) and weighted PLI (wPLI) during an eyes-closed resting state condition.

Superficial brain stimulation in multiple sclerosis.

Central motor conduction time (CMCT) is the most frequently studied measure derived from transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in multiple sclerosis (MS); it is abnormal in 57-93% of patients. Addition of the triple stimulation technique and combining motor with other evoked potentials (EPs) increases sensitivity. Cross-sectional correlations of TMS measures with clinical assessments of motor dysfunction or global disability are high.

Improved characterization of visual evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis by topographic analysis.

In multiple sclerosis (MS), the combination of visual, somatosensory and motor evoked potentials (EP) has been shown to be highly correlated with the Expanded Disability Severity Scale (EDSS) and to predict the disease course. In the present study, we explored whether the significance of the visual EP (VEP) can be improved with multichannel recordings (204 electrodes) and topographic analysis (tVEP). VEPs were analyzed in 83 MS patients (median EDSS 2.

Cognitive dysfunction in early multiple sclerosis: altered centrality derived from resting-state functional connectivity using magneto-encephalography.

Background: Cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis (MS) is frequent. Insight into underlying mechanisms would help to develop therapeutic strategies.

Objective: To explore the relationship of cognitive performance to patterns of nodal centrality derived from magneto-encephalography (MEG).

Clinical EEG in cognitively impaired patients with Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's Disease Dementia (PD-D) is one of the most important non-motor signs in advanced PD and is the most influencing factor predicting nursing home placement. PD-related Mild Cognitive Impairment (PD-MCI) is a potential prodromal stage of PD-D. The Grand Total EEG (GTE) score is a rating scale for clinical EEG (Electroencephalography) analyses which is useful in the evaluation of different types of dementia.

Adaptation of antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus infection with central nervous system involvement.

The authors describe a patient with known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection who presented with two generalized seizures and was found to have extensive white matter disease and a left/bilateral temporo-occipital focal slowing on electroencephalography (EEG). There were no magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indications for opportunistic infection. Plasma viremia was controlled, whereas viral replication was uncontrolled in CSF.