Noninvasive Assessment of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease of the Gastrointestinal Tract After Allogeneic Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Using F-FDG PET.

Acute graft-versus-host disease of the gastrointestinal tract (acute GIT-GVHD) often complicates allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT). F-FDG PET/CT is known to detect active inflammation and may be a useful noninvasive test for acute GIT-GVHD. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of F-FDG PET/CT to noninvasively assess patients with clinically suspected acute GIT-GVHD.

F-FDG PET/CT features of immune-related adverse events and pitfalls following immunotherapy.

F-FDG PET/CT scanning is routinely performed to stage and evaluate the treatment response in many malignancies. Immunotherapy is a rapidly growing treatment option for many cancers, and both clinicians and imaging specialists need to be familiar with F-FDG PET/CT imaging characteristics unique to patients on this type of treatment. In particular, many immune-related adverse events (irAEs) can be detected on F-FDG PET/CT and early accurate identification is critical to reduce treatment related morbidity and incorrect interpretation of malignant disease status.

Clinical utility of stimulated cholescintigraphy using a standardized Ensure-Plus fatty meal protocol in patients with suspected functional gallbladder disorder: a retrospective study of seven-years clinical experience.

Background: The clinical utility of fatty meal stimulated cholescintigraphy particularly using a standardized formulation in patients with suspected functional gallbladder disorder has not been extensively studied. We present our seven-year clinical experience using an Ensure plus protocol.

Methods: A retrospective study was performed on patients undergoing stimulated cholescintigraphy using Ensure Plus for evaluation of suspected functional gallbladder disorder.

Excellent suppression of physiological myocardial FDG activity in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis.

Introduction: Suppression of physiological myocardial FDG activity is vital in patients undergoing PET/CT for assessment of known or suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of physiological myocardial FDG suppression following a protocol change to a 24-h high fat very low carbohydrate (HFVLC) diet and prolonged fast.

Methods: A retrospective review of patients undergoing FDG PET/CT for the evaluation of cardiac sarcoidosis was performed.

Changes in biodistribution on Ga-DOTA-Octreotate PET/CT after long acting somatostatin analogue therapy in neuroendocrine tumour patients may result in pseudoprogression.

Background: To evaluate the effects of long-acting somatostatin analogue (SSA) therapy on Ga-DOTA-octreotate (GaTate) uptake at physiological and metastatic sites in neuroendocrine tumour (NET) patients.

Methods: Twenty-one patients who underwent GaTate PET/CT before and after commencement of SSA therapy were reviewed. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) were measured in normal organs.

Correction to: Pioglitazone reduces cold-induced brown fat glucose uptake despite induction of browning in cultured human adipocytes: a randomised, controlled trial in humans.

The baseline insulin data given in Table 1 for the placebo group were incorrectly reported as 51 ± 10 pmol/l instead of 48 ± 10 pmol/l. This mistake also impacts on data reported in Table 4.

Pioglitazone reduces cold-induced brown fat glucose uptake despite induction of browning in cultured human adipocytes: a randomised, controlled trial in humans.

Aims/hypothesis: Increasing brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity is a possible therapeutic strategy to increase energy expenditure and glucose and lipid clearance to ameliorate obesity and associated comorbidities. The thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of glucose-lowering drugs increase BAT browning in preclinical experimental models but whether these actions extend to humans in vivo is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pioglitazone treatment on adipocyte browning and adaptive thermogenesis in humans.

Correlation of clinical outcomes with bremsstrahlung and Y-90 PET/CT imaging findings following Y-90 radiosynoviorthesis: a prospective study.

Background: It is unclear how to predict which patients will respond to Y-90 radiosynoviorthesis. The aim of this study is to correlate clinical outcomes following Y-90 radiosynoviorthesis with bremsstrahlung and Y-90 PET/CT imaging findings.

Methods: Fifty-one joints underwent bremsstrahlung planar and Y-90 PET/CT imaging following Y-90 radiosynoviorthesis.

Chronic ephedrine administration decreases brown adipose tissue activity in a randomised controlled human trial: implications for obesity.

Aims/hypothesis: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation increases energy expenditure and may have therapeutic potential to combat obesity. The primary activating and adaptive signal for BAT is via β-adrenergic signalling. We previously demonstrated that human BAT is acutely responsive to oral administration of the sympathomimetic, ephedrine.

Heterogeneous bone marrow uptake on interim 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for lymphoma mimicking disease progression: a case report.

Introduction: The use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) scanning for baseline staging and assessment of treatment response for higher grade lymphomas is considered to be the standard of care. Evaluation of lymphomatous bone marrow infiltration on 18F-FDG PET can usually distinguish between normal regenerating marrow following chemotherapy by a characteristic pattern of uptake.

Case Presentation: Here we report the case of a 51-year-old Caucasian woman with mixed low- and high-grade lymphoma with biopsy confirmed marrow infiltration.

The prevalence of thyroglossal tract thyroid tissue on SPECT/CT following (131) I ablation therapy after total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of thyroglossal tract thyroid tissue on SPECT/CT and to assess the contribution of this tissue to total neck radioactive iodine (RAI) activity in patients given (131) I ablation therapy after total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer.

Patients And Methods: Eighty-three consecutive patients with thyroid cancer treated with total thyroidectomy underwent whole-body planar and SPECT/CT imaging of the neck following initial RAI ablation. On SPECT/CT, thyroglossal tract thyroid tissue was defined as RAI in the anterior neck, superior to the thyroid bed in close proximity to the midline without evidence of localization to lymph nodes.

Comparison of positron emission tomography/CT and bremsstrahlung imaging following Y-90 radiation synovectomy.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to compare the results of positron emission tomography (PET)/CT with bremsstrahlung imaging following Y-90 radiation synovectomy.

Methods: All patients referred to our institution for Y-90 radiation synovectomy between July 2011 and February 2012 underwent both PET/CT and bremsstrahlung planar (± single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or SPECT/CT) imaging at 4 or 24 h following administration of Y-90 silicate colloid. PET image acquisition was performed for between 15 and 20 min.

Efficacy of yttrium-90 synovectomy across a spectrum of arthropathies in an era of improved disease modifying drugs and treatment protocols.

Aim: To evaluate clinical response rates, duration of response and complication rates of yttrium radiosynovectomy (RSV) in an era of improved disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) and increased access to replacement therapy for clotting factor deficiencies introduced in the mid 2000s.

Methods: A retrospective review of 167 consecutive joints treated with RSV between 2000 and 2010 was conducted. Clinical response and complication rates in 167 joints (119 patients: 45 female,74 male, mean age 52 years) with rheumatoid, psoriatic, hemophilic, large joint mono-arthropathy and miscellaneous arthropathies refractory to conventional therapy were reviewed.

Optimal reproducibility of gated sestamibi and thallium myocardial perfusion study left ventricular ejection fractions obtained on a solid-state CZT cardiac camera requires operator input.

Aim: To evaluate the reproducibility of serial re-acquisitions of gated Tl-201 and Tc-99m sestamibi left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measurements obtained on a new generation solid-state cardiac camera system during myocardial perfusion imaging and the importance of manual operator optimization of left ventricular wall tracking.

Methods: Resting blinded automated (auto) and manual operator optimized (opt) LVEF measurements were measured using ECT toolbox (ECT) and Cedars-Sinai QGS software in two separate cohorts of 55 Tc-99m sestamibi (MIBI) and 50 thallium (Tl-201) myocardial perfusion studies (MPS) acquired in both supine and prone positions on a cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) solid-state camera system. Resting supine and prone automated LVEF measurements were similarly obtained in a further separate cohort of 52 gated cardiac blood pool scans (GCBPS) for validation of methodology and comparison.

Incidence and implications of negative serum thyroglobulin but positive I-131 whole-body scans in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer prepared with rhTSH or thyroid hormone withdrawal.

Aims: To evaluate the incidence and clinical implications of a positive whole-body I-131 scan but negative stimulated serum Tg/TgAb level following an ablative or diagnostic I-131 dose in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer and whether there is a difference in incidence if prepared with thyroid hormone withdrawal compared with rhTSH stimulation.

Methods: I-131 scan findings, serum Tg/TgAb levels, TNM stage and method of thyroid tissue stimulation in 193 consecutive patients (138F, 55M) with well-differentiated thyroid cancer undergoing postoperative ablative I-131 therapy and 121 consecutive (94F, 27M) patients undergoing diagnostic I-131 surveillance scans were retrospectively reviewed. Comparisons of proportions were performed using Chi-square tests.

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-positive sarcoidosis after chemoradiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease: a case report.

Introduction: The occurrence of granulomatous disease in the setting of Hodgkin's disease is rare; however, when it occurs it can pose significant clinical and diagnostic challenges for physicians treating these patients.

Case Presentation: We report the case of a 33-year-old Caucasian woman of Mediterranean descent with newly diagnosed 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan-positive, early-stage Hodgkin's disease involving the cervical nodes who, despite having an excellent clinical response to chemotherapy, had a persistent 18F-FDG PET scan-positive study, which was suggestive of residual or progressive disease. A subsequent biopsy of her post-chemotherapy PET-positive nodes demonstrated sarcoidosis with no evidence of Hodgkin's disease.

Metastatic colorectal cancer to a primary thyroid cancer.

Background: Metastatic malignancy to the thyroid gland is generally uncommon due to an unfavourable local thyroid micro-environment which impairs the ability of metastatic cells to settle and thrive. Metastases to the thyroid gland have however been reported to occur occasionally particularly if there has been disruption to normal thyroid tissue architecture.

Case Presentation: We report a patient with a history of surgically resected rectal adenocarcinoma who presents with a rising serum CEA level and an 18F-FDG PET scan positive thyroid nodule which was subsequently confirmed at surgery to be a focus of metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma within a primary poorly differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Incidence of radiation thyroiditis and thyroid remnant ablation success rates following 1110 MBq (30 mCi) and 3700 MBq (100 mCi) post-surgical 131I ablation therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

Objective: To evaluate the relationships between thyroid remnant (131)I uptake, radiation thyroiditis and remnant ablation success rate between lower (1110 MBq) and higher (3700 MBq) initial ablative (131)I dose for post-surgical ablation therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer.

Design: Patients having post-surgical administration of 1110 MBq (68 patients) or 3700 MBq (115 patients) (131)I were retrospectively reviewed. Thyroid remnant (131)I uptake on a 48 h post-administration scan was correlated with neck symptoms experienced.

Lack of correlation of hypoxic cell fraction and angiogenesis with glucose metabolic rate in non-small cell lung cancer assessed by 18F-Fluoromisonidazole and 18F-FDG PET.

Unlabelled: PET offers a noninvasive means to assess neoplasms, in view of its sensitivity and accuracy in staging tumors and potentially in monitoring treatment response. The aim of this study was to evaluate newly diagnosed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for the presence of hypoxia, as indicated by the uptake of (18)F-Fluoromisonidazole ((18)F-FMISO), and to examine the relationship of hypoxia to the uptake of (18)F-FDG, microvessel density, and other molecular markers of hypoxia.

Methods: Twenty-one patients with suspected or biopsy-proven NSCLC were enrolled prospectively in this study.