Representations of relatedness with parents and friends and autonomous academic motivation during the late adolescence-early adulthood period: reciprocal or unidirectional effects?

Background: The literature on the determinants of academic motivation indicates that social and affective processes connected to students' interpersonal relationships are central elements in understanding students' academic motivation and other school-related outcomes.

Aims: The aim of this study was to answer the following questions: Does autonomous motivation drive representations of relatedness, do representations of relatedness drive autonomous motivation, or are these constructs reciprocally related over time?

Sample: The sample consists of 834 adolescents aged 18 years (SD=1.88) who participated in a 3-year longitudinal study.

Changes of motor drive, cortical arousal and perceived exertion following prolonged cycling to exhaustion.

The aims of this study were to (1) quantify any central fatigue that occurs following prolonged dynamic exercise, i.e. reduced muscle force caused by impaired motor drive from the central nervous system and (2) determine whether decreased cortical arousal, assessed using critical flicker fusion threshold (CFF), occurs and is related to impaired exercise performance.