Imaging in osteoarticular infection in adults.

Background: Osteoarticular infections are uncommon and required a multimodal approach for diagnosis. Imaging forms an important component of this multimodal approach.

Objectives: In this narrative review, we describe the different imaging modalities, features of osteoarticular infections present on these imaging approaches and recommendations for which imaging modality should be considered in different types of osteoarticular infections.

Noninvasive Assessment of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease of the Gastrointestinal Tract After Allogeneic Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Using F-FDG PET.

Acute graft-versus-host disease of the gastrointestinal tract (acute GIT-GVHD) often complicates allogeneic hemopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT). F-FDG PET/CT is known to detect active inflammation and may be a useful noninvasive test for acute GIT-GVHD. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of F-FDG PET/CT to noninvasively assess patients with clinically suspected acute GIT-GVHD.

F-FDG PET/CT features of immune-related adverse events and pitfalls following immunotherapy.

F-FDG PET/CT scanning is routinely performed to stage and evaluate the treatment response in many malignancies. Immunotherapy is a rapidly growing treatment option for many cancers, and both clinicians and imaging specialists need to be familiar with F-FDG PET/CT imaging characteristics unique to patients on this type of treatment. In particular, many immune-related adverse events (irAEs) can be detected on F-FDG PET/CT and early accurate identification is critical to reduce treatment related morbidity and incorrect interpretation of malignant disease status.

Clinical utility of stimulated cholescintigraphy using a standardized Ensure-Plus fatty meal protocol in patients with suspected functional gallbladder disorder: a retrospective study of seven-years clinical experience.

Background: The clinical utility of fatty meal stimulated cholescintigraphy particularly using a standardized formulation in patients with suspected functional gallbladder disorder has not been extensively studied. We present our seven-year clinical experience using an Ensure plus protocol.

Methods: A retrospective study was performed on patients undergoing stimulated cholescintigraphy using Ensure Plus for evaluation of suspected functional gallbladder disorder.

Excellent suppression of physiological myocardial FDG activity in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis.

Introduction: Suppression of physiological myocardial FDG activity is vital in patients undergoing PET/CT for assessment of known or suspected cardiac sarcoidosis. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of physiological myocardial FDG suppression following a protocol change to a 24-h high fat very low carbohydrate (HFVLC) diet and prolonged fast.

Methods: A retrospective review of patients undergoing FDG PET/CT for the evaluation of cardiac sarcoidosis was performed.

Detection and localisation of primary prostate cancer using gallium prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography compared with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and radical prostatectomy specimen pathology.

Objective: To compare the accuracy of gallium prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography ( Ga-PSMA PET/CT) with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) in detecting and localising primary prostate cancer when compared with radical prostatectomy (RP) specimen pathology.

Patients And Methods: Retrospective review of men who underwent Ga-PSMA PET/CT and mpMRI for primary prostate cancer before RP across four centres between 2015 and 2018. Patients undergoing imaging for recurrent disease or before non-surgical treatment were excluded.

Changes in biodistribution on Ga-DOTA-Octreotate PET/CT after long acting somatostatin analogue therapy in neuroendocrine tumour patients may result in pseudoprogression.

Background: To evaluate the effects of long-acting somatostatin analogue (SSA) therapy on Ga-DOTA-octreotate (GaTate) uptake at physiological and metastatic sites in neuroendocrine tumour (NET) patients.

Methods: Twenty-one patients who underwent GaTate PET/CT before and after commencement of SSA therapy were reviewed. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) were measured in normal organs.

Correction to: Pioglitazone reduces cold-induced brown fat glucose uptake despite induction of browning in cultured human adipocytes: a randomised, controlled trial in humans.

The baseline insulin data given in Table 1 for the placebo group were incorrectly reported as 51 ± 10 pmol/l instead of 48 ± 10 pmol/l. This mistake also impacts on data reported in Table 4.

Pioglitazone reduces cold-induced brown fat glucose uptake despite induction of browning in cultured human adipocytes: a randomised, controlled trial in humans.

Aims/hypothesis: Increasing brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity is a possible therapeutic strategy to increase energy expenditure and glucose and lipid clearance to ameliorate obesity and associated comorbidities. The thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of glucose-lowering drugs increase BAT browning in preclinical experimental models but whether these actions extend to humans in vivo is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pioglitazone treatment on adipocyte browning and adaptive thermogenesis in humans.

Correlation of clinical outcomes with bremsstrahlung and Y-90 PET/CT imaging findings following Y-90 radiosynoviorthesis: a prospective study.

Background: It is unclear how to predict which patients will respond to Y-90 radiosynoviorthesis. The aim of this study is to correlate clinical outcomes following Y-90 radiosynoviorthesis with bremsstrahlung and Y-90 PET/CT imaging findings.

Methods: Fifty-one joints underwent bremsstrahlung planar and Y-90 PET/CT imaging following Y-90 radiosynoviorthesis.

Chronic ephedrine administration decreases brown adipose tissue activity in a randomised controlled human trial: implications for obesity.

Aims/hypothesis: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation increases energy expenditure and may have therapeutic potential to combat obesity. The primary activating and adaptive signal for BAT is via β-adrenergic signalling. We previously demonstrated that human BAT is acutely responsive to oral administration of the sympathomimetic, ephedrine.

Heterogeneous bone marrow uptake on interim 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for lymphoma mimicking disease progression: a case report.

Introduction: The use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) scanning for baseline staging and assessment of treatment response for higher grade lymphomas is considered to be the standard of care. Evaluation of lymphomatous bone marrow infiltration on 18F-FDG PET can usually distinguish between normal regenerating marrow following chemotherapy by a characteristic pattern of uptake.

Case Presentation: Here we report the case of a 51-year-old Caucasian woman with mixed low- and high-grade lymphoma with biopsy confirmed marrow infiltration.

The prevalence of thyroglossal tract thyroid tissue on SPECT/CT following (131) I ablation therapy after total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of thyroglossal tract thyroid tissue on SPECT/CT and to assess the contribution of this tissue to total neck radioactive iodine (RAI) activity in patients given (131) I ablation therapy after total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer.

Patients And Methods: Eighty-three consecutive patients with thyroid cancer treated with total thyroidectomy underwent whole-body planar and SPECT/CT imaging of the neck following initial RAI ablation. On SPECT/CT, thyroglossal tract thyroid tissue was defined as RAI in the anterior neck, superior to the thyroid bed in close proximity to the midline without evidence of localization to lymph nodes.

Comparison of positron emission tomography/CT and bremsstrahlung imaging following Y-90 radiation synovectomy.

Introduction: The aim of this study is to compare the results of positron emission tomography (PET)/CT with bremsstrahlung imaging following Y-90 radiation synovectomy.

Methods: All patients referred to our institution for Y-90 radiation synovectomy between July 2011 and February 2012 underwent both PET/CT and bremsstrahlung planar (± single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or SPECT/CT) imaging at 4 or 24 h following administration of Y-90 silicate colloid. PET image acquisition was performed for between 15 and 20 min.

Efficacy of yttrium-90 synovectomy across a spectrum of arthropathies in an era of improved disease modifying drugs and treatment protocols.

Aim: To evaluate clinical response rates, duration of response and complication rates of yttrium radiosynovectomy (RSV) in an era of improved disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) and increased access to replacement therapy for clotting factor deficiencies introduced in the mid 2000s.

Methods: A retrospective review of 167 consecutive joints treated with RSV between 2000 and 2010 was conducted. Clinical response and complication rates in 167 joints (119 patients: 45 female,74 male, mean age 52 years) with rheumatoid, psoriatic, hemophilic, large joint mono-arthropathy and miscellaneous arthropathies refractory to conventional therapy were reviewed.

Novel use of rituximab in a case of Riedel's thyroiditis refractory to glucocorticoids and tamoxifen.

A 42-year-old woman presented with a rapidly enlarging right-sided thyroid mass and underwent hemithyroidectomy. Riedel's thyroiditis was only diagnosed upon surgical decompression of the right carotid artery 2 years later. She became more symptomatic as Riedel's thyroiditis progressed, and mediastinal fibrosclerosis developed over the next 12 months.

Comparison of contemporaneous left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) obtained from planar gated cardiac blood pool scans (GCBPS) and Tl-201 gated myocardial perfusion scans (MPS) using a novel solid state dedicated cardiac camera.

Background: There is limited data on the concordance of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) obtained via solid state dedicated cardiac cameras (SSD) and gated cardiac blood pool scans (GCBPS). This study aimed to examine the agreement of LVEF measured during GCBPS and Tl-201 myocardial perfusion scans (MPS) using SSD.

Methods: Seventy six patients were enrolled.

Effect of magnetic seizure therapy on regional brain glucose metabolism in major depression.

Currently electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the only available therapies for treatment resistant depression (TRD). While effective, ECT is complicated by side effects, including cognitive impairment. One promising potential alternative is magnetic seizure therapy (MST).

Effect of prone versus supine positioning on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and heart rate using ECG gated Tl-201 myocardial perfusion scans and gated cardiac blood pool scans.

Introduction: There is limited data on the effect of posture on LVEF. The study aim was to determine any difference in LVEF using gated cardiac blood pool scanning (GCBPS) and Tl-201 gated myocardial perfusion scanning (MPS) in prone or supine positions.

Method: In 50 patients undergoing evaluation for varying heart conditions, automated LVEF, end diastolic volume (EDV), end systolic volume (ESV) measurements were obtained at rest during gated MPS on Discovery NM 530c (GE Healthcare).

Optimal reproducibility of gated sestamibi and thallium myocardial perfusion study left ventricular ejection fractions obtained on a solid-state CZT cardiac camera requires operator input.

Aim: To evaluate the reproducibility of serial re-acquisitions of gated Tl-201 and Tc-99m sestamibi left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) measurements obtained on a new generation solid-state cardiac camera system during myocardial perfusion imaging and the importance of manual operator optimization of left ventricular wall tracking.

Methods: Resting blinded automated (auto) and manual operator optimized (opt) LVEF measurements were measured using ECT toolbox (ECT) and Cedars-Sinai QGS software in two separate cohorts of 55 Tc-99m sestamibi (MIBI) and 50 thallium (Tl-201) myocardial perfusion studies (MPS) acquired in both supine and prone positions on a cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) solid-state camera system. Resting supine and prone automated LVEF measurements were similarly obtained in a further separate cohort of 52 gated cardiac blood pool scans (GCBPS) for validation of methodology and comparison.

Incidence and implications of negative serum thyroglobulin but positive I-131 whole-body scans in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer prepared with rhTSH or thyroid hormone withdrawal.

Aims: To evaluate the incidence and clinical implications of a positive whole-body I-131 scan but negative stimulated serum Tg/TgAb level following an ablative or diagnostic I-131 dose in patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer and whether there is a difference in incidence if prepared with thyroid hormone withdrawal compared with rhTSH stimulation.

Methods: I-131 scan findings, serum Tg/TgAb levels, TNM stage and method of thyroid tissue stimulation in 193 consecutive patients (138F, 55M) with well-differentiated thyroid cancer undergoing postoperative ablative I-131 therapy and 121 consecutive (94F, 27M) patients undergoing diagnostic I-131 surveillance scans were retrospectively reviewed. Comparisons of proportions were performed using Chi-square tests.

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-positive sarcoidosis after chemoradiotherapy for Hodgkin's disease: a case report.

Introduction: The occurrence of granulomatous disease in the setting of Hodgkin's disease is rare; however, when it occurs it can pose significant clinical and diagnostic challenges for physicians treating these patients.

Case Presentation: We report the case of a 33-year-old Caucasian woman of Mediterranean descent with newly diagnosed 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) scan-positive, early-stage Hodgkin's disease involving the cervical nodes who, despite having an excellent clinical response to chemotherapy, had a persistent 18F-FDG PET scan-positive study, which was suggestive of residual or progressive disease. A subsequent biopsy of her post-chemotherapy PET-positive nodes demonstrated sarcoidosis with no evidence of Hodgkin's disease.

Metastatic colorectal cancer to a primary thyroid cancer.

Background: Metastatic malignancy to the thyroid gland is generally uncommon due to an unfavourable local thyroid micro-environment which impairs the ability of metastatic cells to settle and thrive. Metastases to the thyroid gland have however been reported to occur occasionally particularly if there has been disruption to normal thyroid tissue architecture.

Case Presentation: We report a patient with a history of surgically resected rectal adenocarcinoma who presents with a rising serum CEA level and an 18F-FDG PET scan positive thyroid nodule which was subsequently confirmed at surgery to be a focus of metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma within a primary poorly differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Incidence of radiation thyroiditis and thyroid remnant ablation success rates following 1110 MBq (30 mCi) and 3700 MBq (100 mCi) post-surgical 131I ablation therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

Objective: To evaluate the relationships between thyroid remnant (131)I uptake, radiation thyroiditis and remnant ablation success rate between lower (1110 MBq) and higher (3700 MBq) initial ablative (131)I dose for post-surgical ablation therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer.

Design: Patients having post-surgical administration of 1110 MBq (68 patients) or 3700 MBq (115 patients) (131)I were retrospectively reviewed. Thyroid remnant (131)I uptake on a 48 h post-administration scan was correlated with neck symptoms experienced.

Visual assessment versus quantitative assessment of 11C-PIB PET and 18F-FDG PET for detection of Alzheimer's disease.

Unlabelled: Amyloid-beta (Abeta) imaging with N-methyl-(11)C-2-(4'-methylamino-phenyl)-6-hydroxy-benzothiazole ((11)C-6-OH-BTA-1; also known as (11)C-PIB) shows a robust increase in cortical binding in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study was to explore the clinical potential of Abeta imaging for the diagnosis of AD by comparison of the accuracy of visual reading of (11)C-PIB images with quantitative analysis and (18)F-FDG.

Methods: Fifteen AD patients (age, 71.