The utility of point-of-care ultrasound protocol to confirm central venous catheter placement in the preterm infant.

Central vascular access is frequently required for preterm infants. Confirmation of positioning of central line is typically on chest and abdominal radiographs; POCUS is a relatively novel diagnostic method. Misdiagnosis is the main concern limiting use of this modality.

Acute Myeloid Leukemia Presenting as a Posterior Fossa Tumor.

Extramedullary leukemia in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia can manifest as a myeloid sarcoma (MS), also known as granulocytic sarcoma or chloroma, in a variety of sites, or as leukemic blasts in the cerebrospinal fluid. Isolated MS of the central nervous system is rare. We report a case of acute myeloid leukemia with central nervous system-MS presenting as a posterior fossa mass mimicking a primary intracranial tumor.

Imaging Patterns of Pediatric Pulmonary Blastomycosis.

Objective: The objective of our study was to characterize and update the radiologic patterns of pediatric pulmonary blastomycosis, and correlate the radiologic patterns with patient age.

Materials And Methods: Patients 0-18 years old with pulmonary blastomycosis who underwent chest imaging from 2005 to 2016 were included in this study. The following data were collected: age, sex, clinical information, and imaging findings including presence of extrapulmonary involvement and scarring on follow-up examinations.

Cerebellar radiological abnormalities in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: part 1 - clinical and neuroimaging findings.

Background: Many children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have focal abnormal signal intensities (FASI) on brain MRI, whose full clinical impact and natural history have not been studied systematically. Our aims are to describe the clinical and neuroradiological features in children with NF1 and cerebellar FASI, and report on the natural history of FASI that display atypical features such as enhancement and mass effect.

Method: A retrospective review of the hospital charts and brain MRIs was performed on children from Manitoba diagnosed between 1999 and 2008 with NF1, who also had cerebellar FASI on MRI.

Cerebellar radiological abnormalities in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: part 2 - a neuroimaging natural history study with clinical correlations.

Background: Focal abnormal signal intensities (FASI) on brain MRI occur commonly in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). The natural history of cerebellar FASI and their correlation with clinical features have not been studied comprehensively. Our aims are to describe the natural history of cerebellar FASI on repeat MRI scans and correlate the findings with the clinical features in children with NF1 and cerebellar FASI.

Increasing incidence of optic nerve hypoplasia/septo-optic dysplasia spectrum: Geographic clustering in Northern Canada.

Introduction: Owing to the shared embryonic origin, defects in development of optic nerves are often seen in conjunction with defects affecting the surrounding brain and pituitary gland. Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) and septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) represent a clinical spectrum associated with visual, pituitary and severe central nervous system structural abnormalities (SODplus). Based on changing clinical patterns, our primary objective was to examine trends in annual incidence of ONH/SOD and geographical clustering in Manitoba.

Multidisciplinary Management of Pediatric Sports-Related Concussion.

Objectives: To summarize the clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric sports-related concussion (SRC) patients who were evaluated and managed at a multidisciplinary pediatric concussion program and examine the healthcare resources and personnel required to meet the needs of this patient population.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all pediatric SRC patients referred to the Pan Am Concussion Program from September 1st, 2013 to May 25th, 2015. Initial assessments and diagnoses were carried out by a single neurosurgeon.

Neuroimaging Findings and Repeat Neuroimaging Value in Pediatric Chronic Ataxia.

Background: Chronic ataxia, greater than two months in duration, is encountered relatively commonly in clinical pediatric neurology practise and presents with diagnostic challenges. It is caused by multiple and diverse disorders. Our aims were to describe the neuroimaging features and the value of repeat neuroimaging in pediatric chronic ataxia to ascertain their contribution to the diagnosis and management.

Brain magnetic resonance imaging CO2 stress testing in adolescent postconcussion syndrome.

OBJECT A neuroimaging assessment tool to visualize global and regional impairments in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular responsiveness in individual patients with concussion remains elusive. Here the authors summarize the safety, feasibility, and results of brain CO2 stress testing in adolescents with postconcussion syndrome (PCS) and healthy controls. METHODS This study was approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Board at the University of Manitoba.

Neuroimaging findings in pediatric sports-related concussion.

Object: The goal in this review was to summarize the results of clinical neuroimaging studies performed in patients with sports-related concussion (SRC) who were referred to a multidisciplinar ypediatric concussion program.

Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective review of medical records and neuroimaging findings for all patients referred to a multidisciplinary pediatric concussion program between September 2013 and July 2014. Inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) age ≤ 19 years; and 2) physician-diagnosed SRC.

Novel diffusion tensor imaging findings in Krabbe disease.

Background: Krabbe disease is a lysosomal disorder that primarily affects myelin. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides quantitative information about the white matter organization and integrity. Radial diffusivity (RD) reflects myelin injury selectively.

Prolonged survival and serial magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance spectroscopy changes in infantile Krabbe disease.

Krabbe disease may present during infancy, late infancy, or adulthood. Earlier-onset disease is associated with shorter survival times. We present a case of infantile onset Krabbe disease with prolonged survival, initial intracranial optic nerves and optic chiasm hypertrophy, and serial changes on cranial magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Blastomycosis of the central nervous system in a child: a rare cause of hypopituitarism.

Blastomyces dermatitidis is a dimorphic fungus that can cause granulomatous lesions. Typically, children present with respiratory symptoms. Central nervous system involvement is unusual, and almost always associated with involvement of other organs.

Diffuse hemangiomatosis with predominant central nervous system involvement.

Diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis presents with multiple, progressive, rapidly growing cutaneous hemangiomas associated with widespread visceral hemangiomas in the liver, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, brain, and meninges. Described here is a case of diffuse neonatal hemangiomatosis with predominant central nervous system involvement. The early appearance of central nervous system lesions on imaging can overlap with that of cavernous malformations, confounding diagnosis; however, rapid growth, response to steroids, cystic appearance with sedimentation levels of the mature lesions, and involvement of other visceral organs can help confirm the diagnosis.

Meckel syndrome in the Hutterite population is actually a Joubert-related cerebello-oculo-renal syndrome.

Meckel syndrome (MKS) is a rare lethal autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the presence of occipital encephalocele, cystic kidneys, fibrotic changes of the liver and polydactyly. Joubert syndrome (JS)-related disorders (JSRDs) or cerebello-oculo-renal syndromes (CORS) are a group of recessively inherited conditions characterized by a molar tooth sign (MTS) on cranial MRI, a set of core clinical features (developmental delay/mental retardation, hypotonia, ataxia, episodic breathing abnormalities, abnormal eye movements) and variable involvement of other systems including renal, ocular, central nervous system, craniofacial, hepatic, and skeletal. A significant clinical overlap between MKS and JSRD/CORS has been recognized in the literature.