Electrodialysis for recovering salts from a urine solution containing micropollutants.

Electrodialysis was investigated for the separation of micropollutants from nutrients in anthropogenic urine. In a continuously operated process, the nutrients were concentrated up to a factor of 3.2.

Nanofiltration for the separation of pharmaceuticals from nutrients in source-separated urine.

The potential of nanofiltration for the separation of pharmaceutical and estrogenic compounds from salts in urine was investigated with the aim of producing a micropollutant-free nutrient solution that can be used as a fertilizer. A fresh urine solution and a synthetic solution of similar inorganic composition were tested at different pH values in order to investigate their separation behavior. These solutions were spiked with the micropollutants propranolol, ethinylestradiol, ibuprofen, diclofenac and carbamazepine.

Urea hydrolysis and precipitation dynamics in a urine-collecting system.

Blockages caused by inorganic precipitates are a major problem of urine-collecting systems. The trigger of precipitation is the hydrolysis of urea by bacterial urease. While the maximum amount of precipitates, i.