Incarcerated at Birth: An Integrative Review of Prison Nurseries in the United States.

Purpose: To conduct an integrative review of extant literature on prison nursery programs in the United States.

Background: About 4-10% of U.S.

Serum lidocaine (lignocaine) concentrations during prolonged perioperative infusion in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery: A secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial.

Perioperative lidocaine (lignocaine) infusions are being employed with increasing frequency. The determinants of systemic lidocaine concentrations during prolonged administration are unclear. In the Long-term Outcomes after Lidocaine Infusions for PostOperative Pain (LOLIPOP) pilot trial, the impact of infusion duration and body size metrics on serum lidocaine concentrations was examined with regression models in 48 women undergoing breast cancer surgery.

Effect of Apneic Oxygenation on Tracheal Oxygen Levels, Tracheal Pressure, and Carbon Dioxide Accumulation: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Buccal Oxygen Administration.

Background: Apneic oxygenation via the oral route using a buccal device extends the safe apnea time in most but not all obese patients. Apneic oxygenation techniques are most effective when tracheal oxygen concentrations are maintained >90%. It remains unclear whether buccal oxygen administration consistently achieves this goal and whether significant risks of hypercarbia or barotrauma exist.

Perioperative lidocaine infusions for the prevention of chronic postsurgical pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety.

Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) occurs in 12% of surgical populations and is a high priority for perioperative research. Systemic lidocaine may modulate several of the pathophysiological processes linked to CPSP. This systematic review aims to identify and synthesize the evidence linking lidocaine infusions and CPSP.

Prevalence and characteristics of tracheal cobblestoning in children.

Background: Tracheal follicular pattern or so-called tracheal cobblestoning is a poorly described entity in the literature and is depicted as a nodular or lumpy appearance of the tracheal wall mucosa suggesting tracheal irritation from factors like gastro-esophageal reflux (GERD) or pulmonary infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of tracheal cobblestones in a large pediatric population.

Methods: A large database of rigid tracheoscopies recorded in children (0-6 years of age) undergoing general anesthesia with planned tracheal intubation for elective surgical procedures was retrospectively analyzed.

Canal wall reconstruction and preservation in the surgical management of cholesteatoma in children with Down's syndrome.

Introduction: Down's syndrome is associated with poor Eustachian tube function, and an increased incidence of cholesteatoma. The only previously published case series suggests that 'canal wall preserving' procedures are only rarely suitable for the management of cholesteatoma in this population.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of the hospital's clinical records database to identify patients with Down's syndrome and cholesteatoma.

The transpalatal approach to repair of congenital Basal skull base cephaloceles.

Basal skull base herniations, including meningoceles and encephaloceles, are rare and may present with characteristic facial and neurologic features. The traditional craniotomy approach has known morbidity, and nasal endoscopy may not allow for control of large posterior basal defects, especially in newborns. We present two cases of successful repair of basal transsphenoidal meningoceles using an oral-transpalatal approach.

The prevalence of tracheal bronchus in pediatric patients undergoing rigid bronchoscopy.

Background: Tracheal bronchus (TB) is defined as an abnormal bronchus that originates directly from the lateral wall of the trachea above the carina and goes towards the upper lobe territory of the lung. We analyzed rigid endoscopies of the trachea in children to determine the incidence and characteristics of TB.

Methods: In total, 1021 rigid endoscopies of the trachea recorded from children aged 0 to 6 years were analyzed.

Decline in lumbar extensor muscle strength the older adults: correlation with age, gender and spine morphology.

Background: Muscle morphology, age and gender may be determinants of muscle strength in older adults. However, very few research studies have directly examined such correlation in the ageing spine. The aim of the study was to examine the correlation between lumbar extensor muscle strength, its muscle fibre angles, thoracolumbar curvature, age and gender in the older and younger adults.

Effectiveness of a motivational interviewing intervention on weight loss, physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk factors: a randomised controlled trial with a 12-month post-intervention follow-up.

Background: Intensive diet and physical activity interventions have been found to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, but are resource intensive. The American Heart Association recently recommended motivational interviewing (MI) as an effective approach for low-intensity interventions to promote health-related outcomes such as weight loss. However, there is limited research evaluating the long-term effectiveness of MI-based interventions on health-related outcomes associated with CVD risk.

Endoscopic airway findings in children with or without prior endotracheal intubation.

Background: Airway alterations found after endotracheal intubation are usually associated with mechanical trauma from the tube. However, no studies are available concerning alterations in airways that have never been intubated before. It was the aim of the study to compare endoscopic findings in the larynx and trachea of children who had undergone prior endotracheal intubation with findings in children who had not been intubated before.

Surgical aspects of cochlear implantation in syndromic children.

Objective: The objective of this study was to report surgical results and outcomes of cochlear implantation in a large series of children with syndromes from one centre.

Patients And Methods: All syndromic children who underwent cochlear implantation at Great Ormond Street Hospital, from January 2000 to December 2010 were included in this study. The surgical technique was analysed and audiological outcomes were collected.

Strength and fatigue of lumbar extensor muscles in older adults.

Introduction: Loss of lumbar extensor muscle strength and fatigue resistance may contribute to functional disability.

Methods: Two groups of subjects were recruited: young (n = 26, 20-35 years of age) and old (n = 26, ≥65 years of age) adults. Lumbar extensor muscle strength was measured with a load cell, and electromyographic activities were recorded to study muscle fatigue at 60% of maximum voluntary contraction.

Ageing modifies the fibre angle and biomechanical function of the lumbar extensor muscles.

Background: Ageing is associated with geometrical changes in muscle fascicles that may lead to deteriorations in physical functions. The purpose of this study was to study the effects of ageing on fibre orientation and strength of the lumbar extensor muscles.

Methods: Fifty two healthy, 26 younger (10 males and 16 females, aged from 20 to 35) and 26 older (10 males and 16 females, aged from 65 to 90) volunteers participated in this study.

Congenital stridor with feeding difficulty as a presenting symptom of Dok7 congenital myasthenic syndrome.

Objective: The congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a group of genetic disorders of neuromuscular transmission causing fatigable weakness. Symptoms may be present from birth, but diagnosis is often delayed for several years, notably in post-synaptic CMS due to mutations in the DOK7 gene. Recently, we noted a subgroup of children with CMS in whom congenital stridor and bilateral vocal cord palsy predated other symptoms.

Biplanar measurement of thoracolumbar curvature in older adults using an electromagnetic tracking device.

Unlabelled: Singh DK, Bailey M, Lee R. Biplanar measurement of thoracolumbar curvature in older adults using an electromagnetic tracking device.

Objectives: To develop a new biplanar method of thoracolumbar curvature measurement by using an electromagnetic tracking device and to study the effects of aging on the thoracolumbar curvature.

Removal of inhaled foreign bodies--middle of the night or the next morning?

Objective: Foreign body inhalation is a potentially life-threatening emergency and is the commonest cause of accidental death in children under one year old. There is varying opinion regarding the urgency for removal of inhaled foreign bodies; most centres in the United Kingdom will take the patient to theatre as soon as can be arranged, regardless of the time of day. At Great Ormond Street Hospital for children it has been standard practice to perform rigid bronchoscopy and removal of an inhaled foreign body on the next available daytime operating list, providing the patient is clinically stable, even if this incurs a delay until the following day.

Fatal and non-fatal food injuries among children (aged 0-14 years).

Objective: To identify and characterize food items with high risk of airway obstruction in children younger than 15 years.

Methods: This retrospective study collected injury data from 1989 to 1998 for 26 pediatric hospitals in the United States and Canada. Aspiration, choking, ingestion, and insertion injuries due to food items were analyzed.

Foreign body inhalation: a case of mistaken identity?

Inhalation and ingestion of foreign bodies is most common in pre-school children. In recent years, children have been increasingly exposed to electronic technology containing button batteries. These may be potentially inhaled or ingested.

A randomised controlled trial on the effectiveness of a primary health care based counselling intervention on physical activity, diet and CHD risk factors.

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine if multiple patient-centred lifestyle counselling sessions would be of interest to patients at risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), in a primary care setting, and if such sessions would result in changes in physical activity and diet, and health status. A randomised trial was conducted to compare the counselling intervention with usual care (health promotion leaflet), among 334 mostly obese patients.

Methods: Patients were randomised into an intervention group that received standard exercise and nutrition information plus up to five face-to-face counselling sessions with a Physical Activity Specialist (PAS) and Registered Dietitian (RD) over a 6-month period or to a control group that only received the standard information.

Surgical aspects of tracheostomy in children.

Tracheostomy involves the surgical formation of a stoma between the trachea and the skin. It is classically thought of as a treatment to alleviate airway obstruction; however, its clinical applications are varied and include long-term ventilatory support, being an aid in pulmonary toilet and use as a covering procedure during airway surgery. In this article, we review the surgical aspects of tracheostomy, including preoperative considerations, tracheostomy tube choice, operative technique and postoperative complications.

Strategies for managing Type IV laryngotracheoesophageal clefts at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children.

Objective: To review our strategy for the treatment of patients with Type IV laryngotracheoesophageal cleft-a very rare congenital malformation.

Methods: Retrospective review of nine cases of Type IV laryngotracheoesophageal cleft managed between October 1994 and January 2004 at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London.

Results: Three children were not operated upon (Group A) because of serious co-morbidity and parental decision not to opt for repair; they died at the ages of 2, 7 and 14 days, respectively.

Techniques and outcomes of laryngeal cleft repair: an update to the Great Ormond Street Hospital series.

We present an update to the Great Ormond Street Hospital series of laryngeal clefts, describing a further 35 clefts of Benjamin-Inglis types 1 through 3 treated between 1992 and 2003. Associated congenital anomalies were common. Most type 1 and smaller type 2 clefts were repaired endoscopically, whereas larger clefts were repaired through an anterior approach.