Considering severity in the design of reproductive genetic carrier screening programs: screening for severe conditions.

Reproductive genetic carrier screening (RGCS) provides information about people's chance of having children with certain genetic conditions, to inform reproductive decision making. RGCS at population scale requires a robust and streamlined program that is purposively designed and formally implemented to ensure equity and consistency. There are many considerations in selecting conditions, genes and variants for inclusion in RGCS, with severity of the genetic condition a key criterion.

Nationwide, Couple-Based Genetic Carrier Screening.

Background: Genomic sequencing technology allows for identification of reproductive couples with an increased chance, as compared with that in the general population, of having a child with an autosomal recessive or X-linked genetic condition.

Methods: We investigated the feasibility, acceptability, and outcomes of a nationwide, couple-based genetic carrier screening program in Australia as part of the Mackenzie's Mission project. Health care providers offered screening to persons before pregnancy or early in pregnancy.

Offering complex genomic screening in acute pediatric settings: Family decision-making and outcomes.

Purpose: Families of children in pediatric acute care who are offered ultrarapid genomic sequencing are making complex decisions during a high-stress period. To reduce complexity for families and clinicians, we offered genomic screening for the child and parents after the completion of diagnostic testing. We evaluated uptake, understanding, and service delivery preferences.

Goal-Directed Rehabilitation Versus Standard Care for Individuals with Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxia: A Multicenter, Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Superiority Trial.

Objective: Rehabilitation is thought to reduce ataxia severity in individuals with hereditary cerebellar ataxia (HCA). This multicenter, randomized controlled superiority trial aimed to examine the efficacy of a 30-week goal-directed rehabilitation program compared with 30 weeks of standard care on function, ataxia, health-related quality of life, and balance in individuals with an HCA.

Methods: Individuals with an autosomal dominant or recessive ataxia (aged ≥15 years) were enrolled at 5 sites in Australia.

The Australian Genomics Mitochondrial Flagship: A national program delivering mitochondrial diagnoses.

Purpose: Families living with mitochondrial diseases (MD) often endure prolonged diagnostic journeys and invasive testing, yet many remain without a molecular diagnosis. The Australian Genomics Mitochondrial Flagship, comprising clinicians, diagnostic, and research scientists, conducted a prospective national study to identify the diagnostic utility of singleton genomic sequencing using blood samples.

Methods: A total of 140 children and adults living with suspected MD were recruited using modified Nijmegen criteria (MNC) and randomized to either exome + mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing or genome sequencing.

New and Emerging Drug and Gene Therapies for Friedreich Ataxia.

The life shortening nature of Friedreich Ataxia (FRDA) demands the search for therapies that can delay, stop or reverse its relentless trajectory. This review provides a contemporary position of drug and gene therapies for FRDA currently in phase 1 clinical trials and beyond. Despite significant scientific advances in the specificity of both compounds and targets developed and investigated, challenges remain for the advancement of treatments in a limited recruitment population.

Structural Variants at the LMNB1 Locus: Deciphering Pathomechanisms in Autosomal Dominant Adult-Onset Demyelinating Leukodystrophy.

Objective: We aimed to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms underlying autosomal dominant adult-onset demyelinating leukodystrophy (ADLD), and to understand the genotype/phenotype correlation of structural variants (SVs) in the LMNB1 locus.

Background: Since the discovery of 3D genome architectures and topologically associating domains (TADs), new pathomechanisms have been postulated for SVs, regardless of gene dosage changes. ADLD is a rare genetic disease associated with duplications (classical ADLD) or noncoding deletions (atypical ADLD) in the LMNB1 locus.

Insights into the effects of Friedreich ataxia on the left ventricle using T1 mapping and late gadolinium enhancement.

Background: The left ventricular (LV) changes which occur in Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) are incompletely understood.

Methods: Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging was performed using a 1.5T scanner in subjects with FRDA who are homozygous for an expansion of an intron 1 GAA repeat in the FXN gene.

Localized Changes in Dentate Nucleus Shape and Magnetic Susceptibility in Friedreich Ataxia.

Background: The dentate nuclei of the cerebellum are key sites of neuropathology in Friedreich ataxia (FRDA). Reduced dentate nucleus volume and increased mean magnetic susceptibility, a proxy of iron concentration, have been reported by magnetic resonance imaging studies in people with FRDA. Here, we investigate whether these changes are regionally heterogeneous.

The Role of Verbal Fluency in the Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome Scale in Friedreich Ataxia.

Cerebellar pathology engenders the disturbance of movement that characterizes Friedreich ataxia (FRDA), yet the impact of cerebellar pathology on cognition in FRDA remains unclear. Numerous studies have unequivocally demonstrated the role of the cerebellar pathology in disturbed cognitive, language and affective regulation, referred to as Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome (CCAS), and quantified by the CCAS-Scale (CCAS-S). The presence of dysarthria in many individuals with ataxia, particularly FRDA, may confound results on some items of the CCAS-S resulting in false-positive scores.

"Uninsurable because of a genetic test": a qualitative study of consumer views about the use of genetic test results in Australian life insurance.

Genetic testing can provide valuable information to mitigate personal disease risk, but the use of genetic results in life insurance underwriting is known to deter many consumers from pursuing genetic testing. In 2019, following Australian Federal Parliamentary Inquiry recommendations, the Financial Services Council (FSC) introduced an industry-led partial moratorium, prohibiting life insurance companies from using genetic test results for policies up to $AUD500,000. We used semi-structured interviews to explore genetic test consumers' experiences and views about the FSC moratorium and the use of genetic results by life insurers.

Rare homozygous disease-associated sequence variants in children with spinal muscular atrophy: a phenotypic description and review of the literature.

5q-associated spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the most common autosomal recessive neurological disease. Depletion in functional SMN protein leads to dysfunction and irreversible degeneration of the motor neurons. Over 95 % of individuals with SMA have homozygous exon 7 deletions in the SMN1 gene.

A phase 2 open-label study of the safety and efficacy of weekly dosing of ATL1102 in patients with non-ambulatory Duchenne muscular dystrophy and pharmacology in mdx mice.

Background: ATL1102 is a 2'MOE gapmer antisense oligonucleotide to the CD49d alpha subunit of VLA-4, inhibiting expression of CD49d on lymphocytes, reducing survival, activation and migration to sites of inflammation. Children with DMD have dystrophin deficient muscles susceptible to contraction induced injury, which triggers the immune system, exacerbating muscle damage. CD49d is a biomarker of disease severity in DMD, with increased numbers of high CD49d expressing T cells correlating with more severe and progressive weakess, despite corticosteroid treatment.

Modified Recurrence Quantification Analysis for Objective Assessment of Cerebellar Ataxia.

Cerebellar Ataxia (CA) is a neurological condition that affects coordination, balance and speech. Assessing its severity is important for developing effective treatment and rehabilitation plans. Traditional assessment methods involve a clinician instructing a person with ataxia to perform tests and assigning a severity score based on their performance.

Free-Water Imaging in Friedreich Ataxia Using Multi-Compartment Models.

Background: The neurological phenotype of Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is characterized by neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in the cerebellum and brainstem. Novel neuroimaging approaches quantifying brain free-water using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) are potentially more sensitive to these processes than standard imaging markers.

Objectives: To quantify the extent of free-water and microstructural change in FRDA-relevant brain regions using neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), and bitensor diffusion tensor imaging (btDTI).

Challenges facing repeat expansion identification, characterisation, and the pathway to discovery.

Tandem repeat DNA sequences constitute a significant proportion of the human genome. While previously considered to be functionally inert, these sequences are now broadly accepted as important contributors to genetic diversity. However, the polymorphic nature of these sequences can lead to expansion beyond a gene-specific threshold, causing disease.

Interstitial lung disease and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in CADDS: Phenotypic expansion and literature review.

Contiguous / deletion syndrome (CADDS) is a rare deletion syndrome involving two contiguous genes on Xq28, and (formerly known as ). Only nine individuals with this diagnosis have been reported in the medical literature to date. Intragenic loss-of-function variants in cause the deafness, dystonia, and cerebral hypomyelination syndrome (DDCH).

An overview of reproductive carrier screening panels for autosomal recessive and/or X-linked conditions: How much do we know?

Background & Aim: Reproductive carrier screening seeks to identify couples at a high risk of having offspring affected by autosomal recessive and X-linked (XL) conditions. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of existing carrier screening panels by examining their gene content and characteristics, identifying the most common genes/conditions included in these panels, and analyzing their listed prices.

Methods: A comprehensive evaluation of existing carrier screening panels was conducted by searching for web-based content, reviewing information brochures, and establishing direct contact with the providers via email or phone.

Propensity matched comparison of omaveloxolone treatment to Friedreich ataxia natural history data.

Objective: The natural history of Friedreich ataxia is being investigated in a multi-center longitudinal study designated the Friedreich ataxia Clinical Outcome Measures Study (FACOMS). To understand the utility of this study in analysis of clinical trials, we performed a propensity-matched comparison of data from the open-label MOXIe extension (omaveloxolone) to that from FACOMS.

Methods: MOXIe extension patients were matched to FACOMS patients using logistic regression to estimate propensity scores based on multiple covariates: sex, baseline age, age of onset, baseline modified Friedreich Ataxia Rating scale (mFARS) score, and baseline gait score.