[Different phenotypes of mitral regurgitation in patients with right apical ventricular pacing: an echocardiographic approach in a heterogeneity of clinical scenarios].

The presence of mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients with right ventricular apical pacing can be the result of multiple phenomena. On the one hand, this stimulation causes an asynchronous activation of the left ventricle (LV) and the papillary muscles, leading to a deterioration of the LV ejection fraction and causing an inadequate closure of the valve apparatus. However, there is a wide heterogeneity of ischemic and non-ischemic myocardial conditions that can coexist with mechanical alteration of the LV and the mitral valve leading to or worsening MR in these patients, which can make the etiological determination of valvular regurgitation difficult.

Prolapse and regurgitation of the four heart valves in a patient with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: a case report.

Background: The Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is part of a group of connective tissue diseases that affect the synthesis and processing of collagen leading to alterations in the structure of many tissues and organs.

Case Summary: Herein, we reported a case of a patient with prolapse of the four cardiac valves. Non-significant regurgitation of the mitral, aortic, and tricuspid valves was observed.