Tenogenically Induced Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Allogeneic Platelet-Rich Plasma: 2-Year Follow-up after Tendon or Ligament Treatment in Horses.

Poor healing of tendon and ligament lesions often results in early retirement of sport horses. Therefore, regenerative therapies are being explored as potentially promising treatment for these injuries. In this study, an intralesional injection was performed with allogeneic tenogenically induced mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma 5-6 days after diagnosis of suspensory ligament (SL) ( = 68) or superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) ( = 36) lesion.

Scintigraphic tracking of mesenchymal stem cells after intravenous regional limb perfusion and subcutaneous administration in the standing horse.

Objective: To assess distribution, uptake, and persistence of radiolabeled mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) using scintigraphy after intravenous regional limb perfusion (RLP) and subcutaneous injections in standing, sedated horses.

Study Design: Experimental study.

Animals: Horses (n = 12).

Evaluation of a diode laser for use in induction of tendinopathy in the superficial digital flexor tendon of horses.

Objective: To evaluate use of a diode laser to induce tendinopathy in the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) of horses.

Animals: 4 equine cadavers and 5 adult horses.

Procedures: Cadaveric SDFT samples were exposed to a diode laser at various energy settings to determine an appropriate energy for use in in vivo experiments; lesion size was assessed histologically.

Magic angle magnetic resonance imaging of diode laser induced and naturally occurring lesions in equine tendons.

Magic angle magnetic resonance (MR) imaging consists of imaging tendons at 55° to the magnetic field. In people, magic angle MR imaging is valuable for detection of chronic tendon lesions and allows calculation of tendon T1 values. Increased T1 values occur in people with chronic tendinopathy.

Evaluation of senescence in mesenchymal stem cells isolated from equine bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord tissue.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adult and neonatal tissues are intensively investigated for their use in regenerative medicine. The purpose of this study was to compare the onset of replicative senescence in MSCs isolated from equine bone marrow (BMSC), adipose tissue (ASC), and umbilical cord tissue (UCMSC). MSC proliferation (cell doubling), senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining, telomere length, Sox-2, and lineage-specific marker expression were assessed for MSCs harvested from tissues of 4 different donors.

Effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on desmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in the horse.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on collagenase-induced lesions in the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (ALDDFT) of horses.

Study Design: Paired, blinded controlled study.

Animals: Eight Thoroughbred horses (3 mares, 5 geldings; mean ± SD weight, 464 ± 26 kg, mean age, 8 ± 1.

In vitro expansion and differentiation of fresh and revitalized adult canine bone marrow-derived and adipose tissue-derived stromal cells.

The objective of this study was to determine the tissue density, in vitro expansion and differentiation of canine adipose tissue-derived (ASC) and bone marrow-derived (BMSC) stromal cells. Primary (P0) and cell passages 1-6 (P1-6) cell doubling numbers (CD) and doubling times (DT) were determined in fresh cells. The P0, P3, and P6 adipogenic (CFU-Ad), osteogenic (CFU-Ob), and fibroblastic (CFU-F) colony forming unit frequencies, lineage specific mRNA levels in differentiated P3 cells and composition of P3 and P6 chondrogenic pellets were assessed in cryogenically preserved cells.

Clinicopathologic findings following intra-articular injection of autologous and allogeneic placentally derived equine mesenchymal stem cells in horses.

Background Aims: The development of an allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) product to treat equine disorders would be useful; however, there are limited in vivo safety data for horses. We hypothesized that the injection of self (autologous) and non-self (related allogeneic or allogeneic) MSC would not elicit significant alterations in physical examination, gait or synovial fluid parameters when injected into the joints of healthy horses.

Methods: Sixteen healthy horses were used in this study.

Adipogenic differentiation of adult equine mesenchymal stromal cells.

Equine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) have only recently been investigated for their adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation potential. This chapter will briefly outline the molecular mechanisms leading to adipogenesis and the methods of equine adipose tissue harvest, ASC isolation, and adipogenic differentiation. The reader is also directed to other reported methods of adipogenesis for ASCs and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from other tissues.

Betacellulin inhibits osteogenic differentiation and stimulates proliferation through HIF-1alpha.

Cellular signaling via epidermal growth factor (EGF) and EGF-like ligands can determine cell fate and behavior. Osteoblasts, which are responsible for forming and mineralizing osteoid, express EGF receptors and alter rates of proliferation and differentiation in response to EGF receptor activation. Transgenic mice over-expressing the EGF-like ligand betacellulin (BTC) exhibit increased cortical bone deposition; however, because the transgene is ubiquitously expressed in these mice, the identity of cells affected by BTC and responsible for increased cortical bone thickness remains unknown.

Comparison of chondrogenic potential in equine mesenchymal stromal cells derived from adipose tissue and bone marrow.

Objective: To compare the chondrogenic potential of adult equine mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (MSCs) or adipose tissue (ASCs).

Study Design: In vitro experimental study.

Animals: Adult Thoroughbred horses (n=11).

Characterization of equine adipose tissue-derived stromal cells: adipogenic and osteogenic capacity and comparison with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells.

Objective: To characterize equine adipose tissue-derived stromal cell (ASC) frequency and growth characteristics and assess of their adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential.

Study Design: In vitro experimental study.

Animals: Horses (n=5; aged, 9 months to 5 years).

Cell growth characteristics and differentiation frequency of adherent equine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells: adipogenic and osteogenic capacity.

Objectives: To characterize equine bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) growth characteristics and frequency as well as their adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential.

Study Design: In vitro experimental study.

Animals: Foals (n=3, age range, 17-51 days) and young horses (n=5, age range, 9 months to 5 years).