Disseminated Intracranial and Spinal Neurenteric Cysts: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Neurenteric cysts (NECs) are rare congenital, benign lesions of the central nervous system (CNS), predominantly located within the spinal cord. However, they may also occur less frequently within the brainstem, fourth ventricle, or cerebellopontine angle (CPA). Originating from anomalous interactions between embryonic layers, NECs are recognized for their potential to compress adjacent structures.

Clinical profile of patients with surgical brain abscesses and etiology in a reference hospital.

Introduction: The annual incidence of brain abscesses is 1-2% in developed countries and up to 8% in developing countries. Our aim was to describe the profile and etiological agents of patients with surgical brain infections according to their nosological diagnosis on admission, and to analyze whether the initial diagnosis influenced the neurological deficit at discharge.

Methodology: This was an observational study with convenience sampling.

Degenerative Atypia in Clival Chordoma: Two Case Reports.

In this study, we report surgical management combined with radiotherapy in two patients with typical chordoma. Different types of radiation have varied effects on chordomas when they are radiated. Classical cases display cellular atypia and fibrosis following irradiation, while necrosis and fibrosclerosis are observed after carbon ion therapy, implying that it is possible to control the tumor more effectively using carbon ion therapy with minimal side effects.

Calcified Pilocytic Astrocytomas and Calcifying Pseudoneoplasms of the Neuraxis: A Diagnostic Challenge.

Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), recognized as the most prevalent central nervous system (CNS) tumor, has long been associated with calcifications, a characteristic often attributed to benign or indolent growth patterns. In this study, we explored the calcified attributes in these tumors that beckon a deeper understanding. This is a retrospective study, on a set of seven cases, with a histopathological diagnosis of pilocytic astrocytoma with calcifications and psammoma bodies (PB).

Central Nervous System Tuberculosis in a Murine Model: Neurotropic Strains or a New Pathway of Infection?

Tuberculosis (TB) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a lethal and incapacitating disease. Several studies have been performed to understand the mechanism of bacterial arrival to CNS, however, it remains unclear. Although the interaction of the host, the pathogen, and the environment trigger the course of the disease, in TB the characteristics of these factors seem to be more relevant in the genesis of the clinical features of each patient.

Spinal Ependymomas: An Updated WHO Classification and a Narrative Review.

Ependymomas are neuroepithelial tumors that develop from ependymal cells found in the brain parenchyma and can spread to any part of the spinal cord. Three to six percent of all malignancies affecting the central nervous system (CNS) are ependymomas. Even the most talented surgeons are challenged by spinal cord ependymomas; as a result, research into this clinical phenomenon should continue.

Schwannoma and Post-vaccine Changes: A Case Report.

Schwannomas are benign sheaths of Schwann cells that can present with degenerative and morphological changes; necrosis or hemorrhage are rare findings in these tumors. We present the case of a 28-year-old man with a C2-C4 cervical Schwannoma who experienced upper limb paresthesia in 2020 while presenting with COVID-19 symptoms. The patient later recovered and came to our institution, where surgery was scheduled one year after the initial diagnosis.

The role of TNF receptors as mediators of chronic vasculitis in possible milder forms of the CNS tuberculosis.

Introduction: Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis (TB) is the most severe form of TB due to its high mortality and functional sequelae. There are several differential diagnoses for TB; and, it can also cause secondary conditions, such as vasculitis.

Methodology: 155 biopsies, corresponding to 155 different patients out of 5,386 registered biopsies from 2008-2013, met the criteria of unknown etiology vasculitis and evidence of cerebral vascular disease.

Neuro-Behçet With a Thalamic Lesion: A Case Report.

Behçet's disease (BD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multisystemic variable-vessel vasculitis and oral, genital, and intestinal ulcers. Neurological involvement or "Neuro-Behçet" (NB) manifests due to parenchymal inflammation. We present the case of a 21-year-old male with a five-year-old history of intermittent chronic oral and genital ulcers who presented with headache, right hemiparesis, progressive loss of visual acuity, and a thalamic tumor-like lesion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis With Diffuse Demyelinating Plaques: A Case Report of an Atypical Presentation.

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (anti-NMDA) receptor encephalitis is an autoimmune disease triggered by antibodies against the NR1 subunit of this receptor. It has a wide variety of presentations, including abnormal behavior, psychosis, seizures, abnormal movement, insomnia, and irritability. The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of one of the six main symptoms and anti-NR1 immunoglobulin G (IgG)-positive antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after the exclusion of other disorders.

Cell Wall Antigens Induce the Formation of Immune Complexes and the Development of Vasculitis in an Experimental Murine Model.

Tuberculosis (TB) of the central nervous system (CNS) presents high mortality due to brain damage and inflammation events. The formation and deposition of immune complexes (ICs) in the brain microvasculature during (Mtb) infection are crucial for its pathobiology. The relevance of ICs to Mtb antigens in the pathogenesis of CNS-TB has been poorly explored.

Surgical Approach and Further Management of Intracranial Hemangioendothelioma With Double Location: A Case Report.

Hemangioendotheliomas are highly vascularized lesions, and their intracranial presentation is extremely rare. We present the case of a 65-year-old female patient who was evaluated for cranial deformity, headache, and left hemiplegia. Two bone lesions that were destroying and expanding the bone diploe with intracranial extension were identified in the fronto-temporal and parietal regions.

Infection Induces BCSFB Disruption but No BBB Disruption In Vivo: Implications in the Pathophysiology of Tuberculous Meningitis.

Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis is the most lethal and devastating form among the diseases caused by . The mechanisms by which bacilli enter the CNS are still unclear. However, the BBB and the BCSFB have been proposed as possible routes of access into the brain.

Exposure to biomass smoke, cigarettes, and alcohol modifies the association between (, -) polymorphisms and tuberculosis in Mexican carriers.

Introduction: Exposure to biomass smoke, cigarettes, alcohol, and the impairment of immunoregulation are considered to be risk factors for tuberculosis. () - and - gene polymorphisms have been associated with tuberculosis. However, the results remain inconsistent.

Gigantism in a McCune-Albright's syndrome with calcified GH-releasing pituitary adenoma: Case report and literature review.

Background: McCune-Albright's syndrome (MAS) is a rare disorder that is characterized by café-au-lait macules, fibrous dysplasia of the skull and endocrinopathies like excessive secretion of growth hormone by a hyper-functional pituitary adenoma (PA).

Case: We describe the case of a 43-year-old male with history of Gigantism in 1990 secondary to a GH-secreting pituitary macroadenoma that was treated via microscopic transsphenoidal surgery at that time. He was reported as asymptomatic for 26 years until he developed headache and right temporal hemianopia with left amaurosis.

Experimental animal models of central nervous system tuberculosis: A historical review.

Animal models are and will remain valuable tools in medical research because their use enables a deeper understanding of disease development, thus generating important knowledge for developing disease control strategies. Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS TB) is the most devastating disease in humans. Moreover, as the variability of signs and symptoms delay a timely diagnosis, patients usually arrive at the hospital suffering from late stage disease.

Lipomatous/Extensively Vacuolated Ependymoma with Signet-Ring Cell-Like Appearance: Analysis of a Case with Extensive Literature Review.

"Lipomatous" and "extensively vacuolated" are descriptive captions that have been used to portray a curious subset of ependymomas distinctively bearing cells with a large vacuole pushing the nucleus to the periphery and, thus, simulating a signet-ring cell appearance. Here, we would like to report the first ependymoma of this kind in a Latin American institution. A 16-year-old boy experienced cephalea during three months.

Intraventricular Neurilemmoma (Schwannoma): Shall GFAP Immunostaining Be Regarded as a Histogenetical Tag or as a Mere Histomimetical Trait?

Neurilemmomas are benign neoplasms presumedly derived from Schwann cells which rarely originate within the central nervous system. Moreover, their intraventricular location has been seldom noticed with less than 30 cases reported worldwide. Here, we add another case study to the record as well as the fifth one in Latin American population.

Ultrastructural characterization of craniopharyngioma at the tumor boundary: A structural comparison with an experimental toxic model using "oil machinery" fluid, with emphasis on Rosenthal fibers.

Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are cystic, encapsulated, slow-growing epithelial tumors. CPs can be aggressive forms invading and resorting surrounding structures of adjacent brain tissue, where Rosenthal fibers (RFs) are expressed. The aim of this study was to investigate the ultrastructure of these fibers in human biopsies and compare it with an experimental toxic model produced by the cortical infusion of the oil cyst fluid ("Oil machinery" fluid or OMF) from CPs to rats.

Synchronous Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Auricular Myxoma.

Synchronic occurrence of benign and malignant tumors is extremely rare. Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma represents 1% to 2% of all hepatocarcinomas, while myxomas represent about half of all the cases of primary tumors of the heart. We present the case of a 53-year-old woman with a left atrial myxoma that was surgically removed.

Primary ectopic frontotemporal craniopharyngioma.

Introduction: Primary ectopic craniopharyngiomas have only rarely been reported. Craniopharyngiomas involve usually the sellar and suprasellar region, but can be originated from cell remnants of the obliterated craniopharyngeal duct or metaplastic change of andenohypophyseal cells. We present the first case of a primary ectopic frontotemporal craniopharyngioma.

Brain vascular lesions: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural approach.

Brain vascular malformations are relatively common lesions that cause serious neurologic disability or death in a significant proportion of individuals bearing them. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemistry these lesions, looking for common antibodies expressed such as CD31, CD34, CD15, factor VIII, nestin, vimentin, vascular endothelial grow factor (VEGF), vascular endothelial grow factor receptor-2 (VEGF-R2), glial fibrillar acidic protien (GFAP), and fibroblastic grow factor β (β-FGF) and ultrastructure in endothelial cells as well as in vessel walls. Fifty cases of vascular lesions were included in this study: 29 (58%) of them were arteriovenous malformations and 21 (52%) were brain cavernomas.