A one-pot five component reaction for the synthesis of tetrazol-benzofuran hybrids and their inhibitory activity against .

A synthetic strategy for obtaining a new series of 1,5-disubstituted tetrazole-benzofuran hybrid systems a one-pot five-component reaction is described. This process involves a Ugi-azide multicomponent reaction coupled to an intramolecular cyclization catalyzed by Pd/Cu, resulting in low to moderate yields from 21 to 67%. This protocol allowed the synthesis of highly substituted benzofurans at the 2-position through an operationally simple process under mild reaction conditions and with high bond forming efficiency due to the formation of six new bonds (two C-C, two C-N, one N-N, and one C-O).

Blood Serum Stimulates the Virulence Potential of Mucorales through Enhancement in Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism and Rhizoferrin Production.

This study analyzed the role of blood serum in enhancing the mitochondrial metabolism and virulence of Mucorales through rhizoferrin secretion. We observed that the spores of clinically relevant Mucorales produced in the presence of serum exhibited higher virulence in a heterologous infection model of . Cell-free supernatants of the culture broth obtained from spores produced in serum showed increased toxicity against , which was linked with the enhanced secretion of rhizoferrin.

Transcription Factors Tec1 and Tec2 Play Key Roles in the Hyphal Growth and Virulence of Mucor lusitanicus Through Increased Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism.

Mucormycosis is a lethal and difficult-to-treat fungal infection caused by fungi of the order Mucorales. Mucor lusitanicus, a member of Mucorales, is commonly used as a model to understand disease pathogenesis. However, transcriptional control of hyphal growth and virulence in Mucorales is poorly understood.

Role of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase siderophore enzyme (Rfs) of in controlling the growth of fungal phytopathogens.

Dimorphic species of , which are cosmopolitan fungi belonging to subphylum Mucoromycotina, are metabolically versatile. Some species of are sources of biotechnological products, such as biodiesel from and expression of heterologous proteins from . Furthermore, has been described as a model for understanding mucormycosis infections.

Genome mining, phylogenetic, and functional analysis of arsenic (As) resistance operons in Bacillus strains, isolated from As-rich hot spring microbial mats.

The geothermal zone of Araró, México, is located within the trans-Mexican volcanic belt, an area with numerous arsenic (As)-rich hot springs. In this study, the draft genome sequence of two endemic Bacillus strains (ZAP17 and ZAP62) from Araró microbial mat hot springs was determined, which were able to grow on arsenate As(V) (up to 64 mM) and arsenite As(III) (up to 32 mM). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16 S rRNA and gyrB sequences, as well as genome sequence analysis based on average nucleotide identity (>96 %) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (>70 %), indicated that these strains belong to the Bacillus paralicheniformis ZAP17 and Bacillus altitudinis ZAP62.

Secretion of the siderophore rhizoferrin is regulated by the cAMP-PKA pathway and is involved in the virulence of Mucor lusitanicus.

Mucormycosis is a fungal infection caused by Mucorales, with a high mortality rate. However, only a few virulence factors have been described in these organisms. This study showed that deletion of rfs, which encodes the enzyme for the biosynthesis of rhizoferrin, a siderophore, in Mucor lusitanicus, led to a lower virulence in diabetic mice and nematodes.

Transcript pattern analysis of Arf-family genes in the phytopathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici reveals the role of Arl3 in the virulence.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is an important plant pathogen that has been used to understand the virulence mechanisms that soil inhabiting fungi exhibit during the infection process.

Mass spore production of on rice.

Unlabelled: is a fungus that produces diverse spores throughout its life cycle. The sporangiospores, which are the most well-studied spores in this fungus, are asexual spores produced during aerial mycelial development. has the potential to be used in diverse biotechnological applications.

The heterotrimeric G-protein beta subunit Gpb1 controls hyphal growth under low oxygen conditions through the protein kinase A pathway and is essential for virulence in the fungus Mucor circinelloides.

Mucor circinelloides, a dimorphic opportunistic pathogen, expresses three heterotrimeric G-protein beta subunits (Gpb1, Gpb2 and Gpb3). The Gpb1-encoding gene is up-regulated during mycelial growth compared with that in the spore or yeast stage. gpb1 deletion mutation analysis revealed its relevance for an adequate development during the dimorphic transition and for hyphal growth under low oxygen concentrations.

Virulence Conferred by PumA Toxin from the Plasmid-Encoded PumAB Toxin-Antitoxin System is Regulated by Quorum System.

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxin gene and its cognate antitoxin that are important for plasmid stabilization (plasmid-encoded) and bacterial virulence (chromosome-encoded). These systems are also related to biofilm and persister cell formations. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an antibiotic-resistant human pathogen that produces virulence factors modulated by quorum sensing (QS) and can form biofilms.

Arf-like proteins (Arl1 and Arl2) are involved in mitochondrial homeostasis in Mucor circinelloides.

Mucor circinelloides is an opportunistic dimorphic pathogen, with the dimorphic process controlled in parts by fermentative and oxidative metabolisms, which lead to yeast or mycelial growth, respectively. Dimorphic transition is important for pathogenesis since the mycelium represents the virulent morphology. We previously reported that the deletion of arl1 or arl2 stimulate anaerobic germination in M.

Identification of Essential Residues for Ciprofloxacin Resistance of Ciprofloxacin-Modifying Enzyme (CrpP) of pUM505.

The ciprofloxacin-resistance P gene, encoded by the pUM505 plasmid, isolated from a clinical isolate, confers an enzymatic mechanism of antibiotic phosphorylation, which is ATP-dependent, that decreases ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Homologous P genes are distributed across extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates obtained from Mexican hospitals and which confer decreased susceptibility to CIP. The analysis of sequences of the CrpP of proteins showed that the residues Gly7, Thr8, Asp9, Lys33 and Gly34 (located at the -terminal region) and Cys40 (located at the C-terminal region) are conserved in all proteins, suggesting that these residues could be essential for CrpP function.

Heterotrimeric G-alpha subunits Gpa11 and Gpa12 define a transduction pathway that control spore size and virulence in Mucor circinelloides.

Mucor circinelloides is one of the causal agents of mucormycosis, an emerging and high mortality rate fungal infection produced by asexual spores (sporangiospores) of fungi that belong to the order Mucorales. M. circinelloides has served as a model genetic system to understand the virulence mechanism of this infection.

Alteration of Fermentative Metabolism Enhances Mucor circinelloides Virulence.

The fungus undergoes yeast-mold dimorphism, a developmental process associated with its capability as a human opportunistic pathogen. Dimorphism is strongly influenced by carbon metabolism, and hence the type of metabolism likely affects fungus virulence. We investigated the role of ethanol metabolism in virulence.

Sporulation on blood serum increases the virulence of Mucor circinelloides.

Mucor circinelloides is an opportunistic human pathogen that is used to study mucormycosis, a rare but lethal infection in susceptible immunosuppressed patients. However, the virulence characteristics of this pathogen have not been fully elucidated. In this study, sporangiospores (spores) produced on YPG medium supplemented with native blood serum increased the virulence of M.

Role of Arf-like proteins (Arl1 and Arl2) of Mucor circinelloides in virulence and antifungal susceptibility.

Mucor circinelloides is an etiologic agent of mucormycosis, a fungal infection produced by Mucorales often associated with mortality due to unavailability of antifungal drugs. Arl proteins belong to the Arf family and are involved in vesicle trafficking and tubulin assembly. This study identified two Arl (Arf-like)-encoding genes, arl1 and arl2, in M.

Prevalence of the crpP gene conferring decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility in enterobacterial clinical isolates from Mexican hospitals.

Objectives: This study investigated the presence of the crpP gene, which encodes an enzymatic mechanism of antibiotic phosphorylation that decreases ciprofloxacin susceptibility, in ESBL-producing clinical isolates and its effect in transconjugants.

Methods: A collection of 77 ESBL-producing clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and 68 ESBL-producing transconjugants that had acquired plasmids from clinical isolates from hospitals in Mexico obtained from 1988 to 2012 was employed. The crpP homologue genes were identified by dot-blot and PCR assays; five of them were sequenced and an in silico analysis was conducted.

A plasmid-encoded mobile genetic element from Pseudomonas aeruginosa that confers heavy metal resistance and virulence.

Mobile plasmid-encoded elements are DNA segments that are transferred for horizontal gene transfer and that confer adaptive proprieties, as well as virulence and antibiotic and heavy metal resistance to bacteria. The conjugative plasmid pUM505, isolated from a clinical strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, possesses a putative 31.292 kb mobile element (denominated Mpe: Mobile plasmid- encoded element) that, in addition to possessing chr genes that confer chromate resistance to Pseudomonas, contains two putative mer operons that could confer mercury resistance.

CrpP Is a Novel Ciprofloxacin-Modifying Enzyme Encoded by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pUM505 Plasmid.

The pUM505 plasmid, isolated from a clinical isolate, confers resistance to ciprofloxacin (CIP) when transferred into the standard strain PAO1. CIP is an antibiotic of the quinolone family that is used to treat infections. analysis, performed to identify CIP resistance genes, revealed that the 65-amino-acid product encoded by the gene in pUM505 displays 40% amino acid identity to the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (an enzyme that phosphorylates and inactivates aminoglycoside antibiotics).

Control of morphology and virulence by ADP-ribosylation factors (Arf) in Mucor circinelloides.

Mucor circinelloides is a dimorphic fungus used to study cell differentiation that has emerged as a model to characterize mucormycosis. In this work, we identified four ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf)-encoding genes (arf1-arf4) and study their role in the morphogenesis and virulence. Arfs are key regulators of the vesicular trafficking process and are associated with both growth and virulence in fungi.

A plasmid-encoded DsbA homologue is a growth-phase regulated thioredoxin.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmid pUM505 contains in a pathogenicity island the dsbA2 gene, which encodes a product with similarity to DsbA protein disulfide isomerases, enzymes that catalyze formation and isomerization of disulfide bonds in protein cysteine residues. Using transcriptional fusions, it was found that dsbA2 gene promoter is activated during the stationary phase, suggesting that DsbA2 protein may be required for adaptive changes that occur during this stage of bacterial growth. Transfer of the pUM505 dsbA2 gene to a cadmium-sensitive P.

chr genes from adaptive replicons are responsible for chromate resistance by Burkholderia xenovorans LB400.

The chromate ion transporter (CHR) superfamily includes proteins that confer chromate resistance by extruding toxic chromate ions from cytoplasm. Burkholderia xenovorans strain LB400 encodes six CHR homologues in its multireplicon genome and has been reported as highly chromate-resistant. The objective of this work was to analyze the involvement of chr redundant genes in chromate resistance by LB400.

Phylogenetic analysis of fungal heterotrimeric G protein-encoding genes and their expression during dimorphism in Mucor circinelloides.

In fungi, heterotrimeric G proteins are key regulators of biological processes such as mating, virulence, morphology, among others. Mucor circinelloides is a model organism for many biological processes, and its genome contains the largest known repertoire of genes that encode putative heterotrimeric G protein subunits in the fungal kingdom: twelve Gα (McGpa1-12), three Gβ (McGpb1-3), and three Gγ (McGpg1-3). Phylogenetic analysis of fungal Gα showed that they are divided into four distinct groups as reported previously.

A plasmid-encoded UmuD homologue regulates expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa SOS genes.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmid pUM505 contains the umuDC operon that encodes proteins similar to error-prone repair DNA polymerase V. The umuC gene appears to be truncated and its product is probably not functional. The umuD gene, renamed umuDpR, possesses an SOS box overlapped with a Sigma factor 70 type promoter; accordingly, transcriptional fusions revealed that the umuDpR gene promoter is activated by mitomycin C.

Selection of reference genes for quantitative real time RT-PCR during dimorphism in the zygomycete Mucor circinelloides.

Mucor circinelloides is a dimorphic fungal model for studying several biological processes including cell differentiation (yeast-mold transitions) as well as biodiesel and carotene production. The recent release of the first draft sequence of the M. circinelloides genome, combined with the availability of analytical methods to determine patterns of gene expression, such as quantitative Reverse transcription-Polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and the development of molecular genetic tools for the manipulation of the fungus, may help identify M.