Degree of Acute Kidney Injury before Dialysis Initiation and Hospital Mortality in Critically Ill Patients.

In a multicenter observational cohort of patients-admitted to intensive care units (ICU), we assessed whether creatinine elevation prior to dialysis initiation in acute kidney injury (AKI-D) further discriminates risk-adjusted mortality. AKI-D was categorized into four groups (Grp) based on creatinine elevation after ICU admission but before dialysis initiation: Grp I  > 0.3 mg/dL to <2-fold increase, Grp II ≥2 times but <3 times increase, Grp III ≥3-fold increase in creatinine, and Grp IV none or <0.

A hybrid Centers for Medicaid and Medicare service mortality model in 3 diagnoses.

Introduction: Reliance on administrative data sources and a cohort with restricted age range (Medicare 65 y and above) may limit conclusions drawn from public reporting of 30-day mortality rates in 3 diagnoses [acute myocardial infarction (AMI), congestive heart failure (CHF), pneumonia (PNA)] from Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services.

Methods: We categorized patients with diagnostic codes for AMI, CHF, and PNA admitted to 138 Veterans Administration hospitals (2006-2009) into 2 groups (less than 65 y or ALL), then applied 3 different models that predicted 30-day mortality [Center for Medicaid and Medicare Services administrative (ADM), ADM+laboratory data (PLUS), and clinical (CLIN)] to each age/diagnosis group. C statistic (CSTAT) and Hosmer Lemeshow Goodness of Fit measured discrimination and calibration.

Veterans Affairs initiative to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.

Background: Health care-associated infections with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been an increasing concern in Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals.

Methods: A "MRSA bundle" was implemented in 2007 in acute care VA hospitals nationwide in an effort to decrease health care-associated infections with MRSA. The bundle consisted of universal nasal surveillance for MRSA, contact precautions for patients colonized or infected with MRSA, hand hygiene, and a change in the institutional culture whereby infection control would become the responsibility of everyone who had contact with patients.

Variations in efficiency and the relationship to quality of care in the veterans health system.

There is widespread belief that the US health care system could realize significant improvements in efficiency, savings, and patient outcomes if care were provided in a more integrated and accountable way. We examined efficiency and its relationship to quality of care for medical centers run by the Veterans Health Administration of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), a national, vertically integrated health care system that is accountable for a large patient population. After devising a statistical model to indicate efficiency, we found that VA medical centers were highly efficient.

Reduction of central line infections in Veterans Administration intensive care units: an observational cohort using a central infrastructure to support learning and improvement.

Background: Elimination of hospital-acquired infections is an important patient safety goal.

Setting: All 174 medical, cardiac, surgical and mixed Veterans Administration (VA) intensive care units (ICUs).

Intervention: A centralised infrastructure (Inpatient Evaluation Center (IPEC)) supported the practice bundle implementation (handwashing, maximal barriers, chlorhexidinegluconate site disinfection, avoidance of femoral catheterisation and timely removal) to reduce central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI).

Infrastructure for quality transformation: measurement and reporting in veterans administration intensive care units.

BACKGROUND Veterans Health Administration (VA) intensive care units (ICUs) develop an infrastructure for quality improvement using information technology and recruiting leadership. METHODS Setting Participation by the 183 ICUs in the quality improvement program is required. Infrastructure includes measurement (electronic data extraction, analysis), quarterly web-based reporting and implementation support of evidence-based practices.

Liberation and animation: strategies to minimize brain dysfunction in critically ill patients.

Acute brain dysfunction, usually manifested as delirium, occurs in up to 80% of critically ill patients. Delirium increases costs of hospitalizations and affects short-term outcomes such as duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, and the hospital length of stay. Long-term consequences-cognitive impairment and increased risk of death-can be devastating.

Hyperglycemia-related mortality in critically ill patients varies with admission diagnosis.

Objectives: Hyperglycemia during critical illness is common and is associated with increased mortality. Intensive insulin therapy has improved outcomes in some, but not all, intervention trials. It is unclear whether the benefits of treatment differ among specific patient populations.

Incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in intensive care units: a Veterans Administration study.

Objectives: : To examine the effect of severity of acute kidney injury or renal recovery on risk-adjusted mortality across different intensive care unit settings. Acute kidney injury in intensive care unit patients is associated with significant mortality.

Design: : Retrospective observational study.

Using human factors methods to design a new interface for an electronic medical record.

The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is a leader in development and use of electronic patient records and clinical decision support. The VHA is currently reengineering a somewhat dated platform for its Computerized Patient Record System (CPRS). This process affords a unique opportunity to implement major changes to the current design and function of the system.

Veterans Affairs intensive care unit risk adjustment model: validation, updating, recalibration.

Background: A valid metric is critical to measure and report intensive care unit (ICU) outcomes and drive innovation in a national system.

Objectives: To update and validate the Veterans Affairs (VA) ICU severity measure (VA ICU).

Research Design: A validated logistic regression model was applied to two VA hospital data sets: 36,240 consecutive ICU admissions to a stratified random sample of moderate and large hospitals in 1999-2000 (cohort 1) and 81,964 cases from 42 VA Medical Centers in fiscal years 2002-2004 (cohort 2).

Evidence-based practice to reduce central line infections.

Background: In 2003, through the Greater Cincinnati Health Council nine health care systems agreed to participate and fund 50% of a two-year project to reduce hospital-acquired infections among patients in intensive care units (ICU) and following surgery (SIP).

Methods: Hospitals were randomized to either the CR-BSI or SIP project in the first year, adding the alternative project in year 2. Project leaders, often the infection control professionals, implemented evidence-based practices to reduce catheter-related blood stream infections (CR-BSIs; maximal sterile barriers, chlorhexidine) at their hospitals using a collaborative approach.

Compliance with intended use of Bar Code Medication Administration in acute and long-term care: an observational study.

Objective: To identify the types and extent of workaround strategies with the use of Bar Code Medication Administration (BCMA) in acute care and long-term care settings.

Background: Medication errors are the most commonly documented cause of adverse events in hospital settings. Scanning of bar codes to verify patient and medication information may reduce medication errors.

Variation in outcomes in Veterans Affairs intensive care units with a computerized severity measure.

Objective: To quantify the variability in risk-adjusted mortality and length of stay of Veterans Affairs intensive care units using a computer-based severity of illness measure.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: A stratified random sample of 34 intensive care units in 17 Veterans Affairs hospitals.

Exploring barriers and facilitators to the use of computerized clinical reminders.

Objective: Evidence-based practices in preventive care and chronic disease management are inconsistently implemented. Computerized clinical reminders (CRs) can improve compliance with these practices in outpatient settings. However, since clinician adherence to CR recommendations is quite variable and declines over time, we conducted observations to determine barriers and facilitators to the effective use of CRs.

An irreplaceable safety culture.

Intensive care unit (ICU) clinicians are sources of errors and of resilience. When they learn how to juggle many competing goals, remain vigilant, and tell safety stories--all in the context of changing technologies and demand--they can create safe settings of care. Other strategies (eg, using computerized tools and implementing safety procedures) are important, but alone they are not sufficient.

Value for taxpayers' dollars: what VA care would cost at medicare prices.

Critics charge that Veterans Health Administration (VA) medical centers are inefficient and the cost of veteran health care would be reduced if VA purchased care for its patients directly from private-sector providers. This analysis compares VA medical care expenditures with estimates of total payments under a hypothetical Medicare fee-for-service payment system reimbursing providers for the same counts of each service VA medical centers provided in fiscal 1999. At six study sites, hypothetical payments were more than 20 percent greater than actual budgets.

Fifteen best practice recommendations for bar-code medication administration in the Veterans Health Administration.

Background: Since 2000, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has pioneered the development and deployment of a bar-code medication administration (BCMA) system. Based on VHA experience, 15 "best practices" for BCMA implementation, integration, and maintenance are recommended.

Methods: Data were collected on potential barriers to the effectiveness of BCMA to improve patient safety by direct observation of medication administration, simulated BCMA use in a laboratory setting, a survey of nursing informatics specialists regarding policies and procedures, and 30 unstructured interviews with diverse stakeholders.

Understanding the complexity of registered nurse work in acute care settings.

Nursing shortages and patient safety mandates require nursing managers and administrators to consider new ways of understanding the complexity of healthcare provider work in actual situations. The authors report findings from a study guided by an innovative research approach to explore factors affecting registered nurse performance during real work on acute care medical-surgical units. Our findings suggest beginning targets for interventions to improve patient safety, as well as recruitment and retention, through support for registered nurse work.

Automated intensive care unit risk adjustment: results from a National Veterans Affairs study.

Context: Comparison of outcome among intensive care units (ICUs) requires risk adjustment for differences in severity of illness and risk of death at admission to the ICU, historically obtained by costly chart review and manual data entry.

Objective: To accurately estimate patient risk of death in the ICU using data easily available in hospital electronic databases to permit automation.

Design And Setting: Cohort study to develop and validate a model to predict mortality at hospital discharge using multivariate logistic regression with a split derivation (17,731) and validation (11,646) sample formed from 29,377 consecutive first ICU admissions to medical, cardiac, and surgical ICUs in 17 Veterans' Health Administration hospitals between February 1996 and July 1997.

Methods to estimate and compare VA expenditures for assistive devices to Medicare payments.

Objective: To describe the methods used to estimate and compare Veterans Health Administration (VA) annual expenditures for assistive devices and their repair at six VA hospitals with payments for those same devices in the private sector.

Methods: Information about dispensed assistive devices and their costs was extracted from (1) the VA's National Prosthetic Patient Database, (2) each site's listing of the VA's Denver Distribution Center cost center in the Cost Distribution Jurisdictional Report, and (3) review of invoices for implanted prosthetics at each study site. We estimated private sector payments by applying Medicare geographically adjusted rates for purchases or rentals, where rates existed, or by inflating VA costs by 30%.