Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency: Unraveling the Relevance of NDUFAF1 in Pediatric Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is rare in childhood, but it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Genetic causes of HCM are mostly related to sarcomeric genes abnormalities; however, syndromic, metabolic, and mitochondrial disorders play an important role in its etiopathogenesis in pediatric patients. We here describe a new case of apparently isolated HCM due to mitochondrial assembly factor gene NDUFAF1 biallelic variants (c.

Hymenoptera venom allergy in children.

From a taxonomic point of view, Hymenoptera are subclassified into families: Apidae, including honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus), and Vespidae, which, in turn, are divided into the subfamilies of Vespinae (wasps, including hornets, vespules, dolichovespules) and Polistinae (paper wasp). Hypersensitivity to Hymenoptera venom can be linked to immunological (IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated) and non-immunological mechanisms. Reactions are classified into local reactions, large local reactions, systemic reactions, toxic reactions, and unusual reactions.

Pidotimod in pediatrics: new evidence and future perspectives.

Pidotimod is a synthetic dipeptide that exerts immunomodulatory activity, modifying innate and adaptive immunity. Pidotimod firstly acts on Toll-like receptors, then on antigen-presenting cells and other immunocompetent cells. Pidotimod also affects immunoglobulin production and their switching.

Allergic rhinitis management: a Delphi Consensus promoted by the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (SIAIP).

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most frequent IgE-mediated disease, mainly in children and adolescents. Management of AR in the pediatric age may be heterogeneous, and the available guidelines do not adequately consider this issue. As a result, the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (SIAIP) promoted a Delphi Consensus to define and evaluate the most relevant aspects of AR management in the pediatric setting in Italy.

Predicting paediatric asthma exacerbations with machine learning: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

Background: Asthma exacerbations in children pose a significant burden on healthcare systems and families. While traditional risk assessment tools exist, artificial intelligence (AI) offers the potential for enhanced prediction models.

Objective: This study aims to systematically evaluate and quantify the performance of machine learning (ML) algorithms in predicting the risk of hospitalisation and emergency department (ED) admission for acute asthma exacerbations in children.

Treatment of acute pharyngitis in children: an Italian intersociety consensus (SIPPS-SIP-SITIP-FIMP-SIAIP-SIMRI-FIMMG).

Sore throat represents one of the main causes of antibiotic overprescription in children. Its management is still a matter of debate, with countries considering streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis a benign and self-limiting condition and others advocating for its antibiotic treatment to prevent suppurative complications and acute rheumatic fever. Italian paediatricians frequently prescribe antibiotics on a clinical basis regardless of microbiological results.

Management of children with acute post-viral cough: a primary care experience with levodropropizine.

Background: Acute post-viral cough (APVC) is a disturbing complaint that may also affect the quality of life. As a result, APVC requires an adequate managing with antitussive medications. In this regard, levodropropizine is an effective and safe peripheral antitussive drug.

Treatment of mild to moderate community-acquired pneumonia in previously healthy children: an Italian intersociety consensus (SIPPS-SIP-SITIP-FIMP-SIAIP-SIMRI-FIMMG-SIMG).

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an acute infection of the lung parenchyma acquired outside the hospital or other healthcare settings, typically affecting previously healthy individuals. This intersociety consensus aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for the antibiotic treatment of mild to moderate CAP in previously healthy children in Italy.A systematic review was conducted to identify the most recent and relevant evidence.

A low-dose multicomponent medication as a new approach in prevention and early add-on treatment of recurrent respiratory infections in children: a Delphi Consensus.

Objective: Recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) represent a demanding challenge in pediatricians' clinical practice. A previous Inter-Society Consensus defined criteria for identifying children with RRIs and assessed the available treatments, considering the evidence grade.

Materials And Methods: The present Delphi consensus proposed a series of statements concerning the practical use of Citomix, a multicomponent low-dose medication.

RIAIT (Italian Registry of Allergen Immunotherapy): Protocol for a New Tool in a New Vision of Disease-Modifying Therapy for Allergists.

Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated responses to clinical parameters, but a significant proportion of allergy patients in real-life settings would have been excluded from such studies. Therefore, real-world research is needed, and there is a growing body of information on allergen immunotherapy's long-term effectiveness and safety. Real-world evidence can be a valuable instrument to better understand the patient's journey and the effectiveness and safety of therapies.

Type 2 asthma paediatric patients eligible for dupilumab: An Italian biomarker-based analysis.

Background: Type 2 inflammation is the principal determinant of asthma in children, and it leads to the downstream activation of eosinophils (EOS), the production of immunoglobulin-E (IgE), and increased levels of fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). Dupilumab received the approval for the treatment of uncontrolled severe Type 2 asthma in children.

Objective: The aim of this analysis was to calculate the Type 2 severe asthma paediatric population who would be eligible for treatment with dupilumab in Italy and characterize them by expected biomarker status.

IPINeT Ped-unPAD Study: Goals, Design, and Preliminary Results.

An unclassified primary antibody deficiency (unPAD) is a widely heterogeneous clinical entity, recently identified within the spectrum of Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEIs). Since unPAD has been traditionally considered as a mild condition, it has incorrectly received little attention, resulting in the paucity of extensive and comparable studies describing its natural history. To address the gaps in characterizing, understanding, and managing pediatric unPAD patients, the Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network (IPINet) Ped-unPAD study has recently been launched.

Intersocietal survey on real-world asthma management in Italian children.

Pediatric asthma management is a compelling challenge for every pediatrician. Different aspects require attention and definition. The present Intersocietal Survey aimed to collect real-world experiences from a sample of Italian pediatricians.

Levodropropizine for children and adolescents with acute post-viral cough: an evidence-based choice.

Acute post-viral cough is a common symptom, usually mild-moderate and self-resolving. However, acute cough may be particularly annoying, affecting sleep, and quality of life, also of the family. Thus, treatment is deemed necessary.

An Updated Reappraisal of Dupilumab in Children and Adolescents with Severe Asthma.

Severe asthma (SA) is still a demanding challenge in clinical practice. Type 2 inflammation is the most common phenotype in children and adolescents with SA. As a result, anti-inflammatory drugs, mainly corticosteroids (CSs), represent the first choice to reduce type 2 inflammation.

Machine learning-enhanced HRCT analysis for diagnosis and severity assessment in pediatric asthma.

Objectives: Chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is conditionally recommended to rule out conditions that mimic or coexist with severe asthma in children. However, it may provide valuable insights into identifying structural airway changes in pediatric patients. This study aims to develop a machine learning-based chest HRCT image analysis model to aid pediatric pulmonologists in identifying features of severe asthma.

Reappraisal of Pidotimod: an immunomodulatory agent with 30-year evidence.

Pidotimod (3-L-pyroglutamyl-L-thiaziolidine-4-carboxylic acid) is a synthetic dipeptide with immunomodulatory properties that is indicated for use in adults and children over 3 years of age with documented cell-mediated immunodepression during respiratory and urinary tract infections. Infections are associated with an immune response that helps fight pathogens. In this scenario, inflammatory events occur to improve the antimicrobial reaction.

Discovery of novel FGF trap small molecules endowed with anti-myeloma activity.

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) act as proangiogenic and mitogenic cytokines in several cancers, including multiple myeloma (MM). Indeed, corrupted FGF autocrine and paracrine secretion induces an aberrant activation of the FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling sustaining cancer cell spreading and resistance to pharmacological treatments. Thus, FGF traps may represent a promising anti-cancer strategy to hamper the ligand-dependent activation of the FGF/FGFR system.

New perspectives on the role of biological factors in anorexia nervosa: Brain volume reduction or oxidative stress, which came first?

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder (ED) that has seen an increase in its incidence in the last thirty years. Compared to other psychosomatic disorders, ED can be responsible for many major medical complications, moreover, in addition to the various systemic impairments, patients with AN undergo morphological and physiological changes affecting the cerebral cortex. Through immunohistochemical studies on portions of postmortem human brain of people affected by AN and healthy individuals, and western blot studies on leucocytes of young patients and healthy controls, this study investigated the role in the afore-mentioned processes of altered redox state.