Influence of Different Plant Extracts on CYP-Mediated Skatole and Indole Degradation in Pigs.

One of the primary substances responsible for the unpleasant odor in boar meat is skatole. Enzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family play a pivotal role in the hepatic clearance of skatole. This study aimed to investigate the impact of oregano essential oil (OEO), extract (SC), and garlic essential oil (GEO) on hepatic CYP2E1 and CYP2A activity in pigs.

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Neonates Randomized to Morphine or Methadone for Treatment of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of pharmacologic treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome on neurodevelopmental outcome from a randomized, controlled trial.

Study Design: Eight sites enrolled 116 full-term newborn infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome born to mothers maintained on methadone or buprenorphine into a randomized trial of morphine vs methadone. Ninety-nine infants (85%) were evaluated at hospital discharge using the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale.

Comparison of Safety and Efficacy of Methadone vs Morphine for Treatment of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Although opioids are used to treat neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), the best pharmacologic treatment has not been established.

Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of methadone and morphine in NAS.

Design, Setting, And Participants: In this randomized, double-blind, intention-to-treat trial, term infants from 8 US newborn units whose mothers received buprenorphine, methadone, or opioids for pain control during pregnancy were eligible.

Psychosocial distress and periodontitis in adolescents.

Purpose: To assess whether adolescents with periodontitis presented with higher scores for non-psychotic psychosocial disorders than control subjects without periodontitis.

Materials And Methods: A case control study (n = 160) nested in a well-defined adolescent population (n = 9,163) was performed using the 28-item Spanish version of the General Health Questionnaire. The inclusion criterion for being a case was a clinical attachment level of >= 3 mm in at least two teeth.

Effect of mechanical debridement on distal periodontal aspects of second molars after the extraction of third molars: a systematic review.

Background: The risk of periodontal defects after the extraction of third molars continues to challenge clinicians.

Methods: Intervention trials, including subgingival scaling and/or root planing, were systematically reviewed. Data sources included the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register and MEDLINE.

Effect of allopurinol on brain adenosine levels during hypoxia in newborn piglets.

Adenosine, a purine nucleoside, is a potent inhibitory neuromodulator in the brain which may provide an important endogenous neuroprotective role during hypoxia-ischemia. Allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, blocks purine degradation and may result in the accumulation of purine metabolites, including adenosine, during hypoxia. The present study determines the effect of allopurinol administration prior to hypoxia on brain levels of adenosine and purine metabolites in the newborn piglet.

Cyclooxygenase-mediated generation of free radicals during hypoxia in the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets.

Previous studies have demonstrated that free radicals are formed under hypoxic conditions in newborn piglet brain. To test the hypothesis that the cyclooxygenase pathway serves as a source of free radical generation during hypoxia studies were performed on 24 piglets divided into four groups. Six saline (group 3) and six indomethacin treated (group 4) were exposed to hypoxia (FiO2 0.

Temporal processing deficits in remediation-resistant reading-impaired children.

There is considerable interest in whether a deficit in temporal processing underlies specific learning and language disabilities in school-aged children. This view is particularly controversial in the area of developmental reading problems. The temporal-processing hypothesis was tested in a sample of normal children, 9-11 years of age, and in a sample of age-matched children with reading impairments, by assessing temporal-order discrimination.

Effect of allopurinol on hypoxia-induced modification of the NMDA receptor in newborn piglets.

The present study tests the hypothesis that pretreatment with allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, will prevent modification of the NMDA receptor during cerebral hypoxia in newborn piglets. Eighteen newborn piglets were studied. Six normoxic control animals were compared to six untreated hypoxic and six allopurinol (20 mg/kg i.

Effect of allopurinol on NMDA receptor modification following recurrent asphyxia in newborn piglets.

The present study tests the hypothesis that repeated episodes of asphyxia will lead to alterations in the characteristics of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the brain cell membrane of newborn piglets and that pre-treatment with allopurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, will prevent these modifications. Eighteen newborn piglets were studied. Six untreated and six allopurinol treated animals were subjected to eight asphyxial episodes and compared to six normoxic, normocapneic controls.

Effect of propentofylline on free radical generation during cerebral hypoxia in the newborn piglet.

The present study tests the hypothesis that propentofylline, an adenosine re-uptake inhibitor, will reduce free radical generation during cerebral hypoxia. Ten newborn piglets were pretreated with propentofylline (10 mg/kg), five of which were subjected to hypoxia, while the other five were maintained at normoxia. Five untreated control piglets underwent the same conditions.

Purine metabolism and inhibition of xanthine oxidase in severely hypoxic neonates going onto extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

The effect of allopurinol to inhibit purine metabolism via the xanthine oxidase pathway in neonates with severe, progressive hypoxemia during rescue and reperfusion with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was examined. Twenty-five term infants meeting ECMO criteria were randomized in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Fourteen did not receive allopurinol, whereas 11 were treated with 10 mg/kg after meeting criteria and before cannulation, in addition to a 20-mg/kg priming dose to the ECMO circuit.

Brain cell membrane function during hypoxia in hyperglycemic newborn piglets.

To test the hypothesis that acute hyperglycemia reduces changes in cell membrane structure and function during cerebral hypoxia in the newborn, brain cell membrane Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity and levels of membrane lipid peroxidation products were measured in four groups of anesthetized, ventilated newborn piglets: normoglycemia/normoxia (control, group 1, n = 12), hyperglycemia/normoxia (group 2, n = 6), untreated hypoxia (group 3, n = 10), and hyperglycemia/hypoxia (group 4, n = 7). Hyperglycemia (blood glucose concentration 20 mmol/L) was induced using the glucose clamp technique. The hyperglycemic glucose clamp was maintained for 90 min before onset of hypoxia and throughout the period of hypoxia.

Effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid on cerebral blood flow and metabolism during hypoxia in newborn piglets.

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a lipoxygenase inhibitor, was investigated for its effect on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cortical oxygen consumption during hypoxia in 9 anesthetized, ventilated newborn piglets. CBF was measured by radioactive microspheres while brain cortical metabolism was evaluated by continuous 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Five piglets were treated with NDGA (3 mg/kg i.

Effect of allopurinol on uric acid levels and brain cell membrane Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity during hypoxia in newborn piglets.

Oxygen-free radicals generated by xanthine oxidase during hypoxia-ischemia may result in cellular injury through harmful effects on membrane phospholipids. The present study investigated the effect of administration of allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, on free-radical generation and brain cell membrane injury during hypoxia by inhibiting the breakdown of hypoxanthine to uric acid. Brain cell membrane Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity and lipid peroxidation products (conjugated dienes and fluorescent compounds) were determined as indices of brain membrane function and structure.

Protective effect of MgSO4 infusion on nmda receptor binding characteristics during cerebral cortical hypoxia in the newborn piglet.

This study tests the hypothesis that magnesium, a selective non-competitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor, will attenuate hypoxia-induced alteration in NMDA receptors and preserve MK-801 binding characteristics during cerebral hypoxia in vivo. Anesthetized, ventilated and instrumented newborn piglets were divided into three groups: normoxic controls were compared to untreated hypoxic and Mg(2+)-treated hypoxic piglets. Cerebral hypoxia was induced by lowering the FiO2 to 5-7% and confirmed biochemically by a decrease in the levels of phosphocreatine (82% lower than control).

Hypoxia-induced modification of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in the brain of the newborn piglet.

The effect of hypoxia on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor/ion channel complex in the brain cell membrane of the newborn piglet was studied. Experiments were conducted on newborn piglets, 2-4 days of age, that were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated. Hypoxic hypoxia was induced in the experimental group by lowering the FiO2 to 5-7%.

Selective sensitivity of synaptosomal membrane function to cerebral cortical hypoxia in newborn piglets.

The effect of hypoxia on the structure and function of the synaptosomal membranes and myelin fraction (glial cells, neuronal cells bodies and axonal membranes) was investigated by measuring Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity and levels of lipid peroxidation products in cerebral cortical synaptosomal membranes and myelin fractions obtained from newborn piglets. Hypoxic hypoxia was induced and cerebral hypoxia was documented as a decrease in the ratio of phosphocreatine to inorganic phosphate (PCr/Pi) using 31P-NMR spectroscopy. PCr/Pi decreased from baseline of 2.

Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Use of an intravenous-type catheter for cerebrospinal fluid drainage.

Study Objective: To report a 9-year experience with the treatment of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) with the use of an easily inserted external ventricular drain.

Design: A case series with a retrospective review of hospital records and cranial ultrasound results, from 1981 through 1989, in all infants with PHH.

Intervention: A previously defined method of identification and bedside management of PHH was applied.