BCG vaccination reduces bovine tuberculosis transmission, improving prospects for elimination.

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a routinely used vaccine for protecting children against that comprises attenuated . BCG can also be used to protect livestock against ; however, its effectiveness has not been quantified for this use. We performed a natural transmission experiment to directly estimate the rate of transmission to and from vaccinated and unvaccinated calves over a 1-year exposure period.

Novel Polyherbal Nanocolloids to Control Bovine Mastitis.

Mastitis is a widespread disease in dairy cattle occurring throughout the world. The increased use of antibiotics brings about the development of antibiotic-resistant microbes. The application of antibiotics in dairy farming led to increased antibiotic resistance and represents a major obstacle for the treatment of mastitis.

Corrigendum: A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination Against Bovine Tuberculosis: Is Perfect the Enemy of Good?

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.

A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination Against Bovine Tuberculosis: Is Perfect the Enemy of Good?

More than 50 million cattle are likely exposed to bovine tuberculosis (bTB) worldwide, highlighting an urgent need for bTB control strategies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and other regions where the disease remains endemic and test-and-slaughter approaches are unfeasible. While Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was first developed as a vaccine for use in cattle even before its widespread use in humans, its efficacy against bTB remains poorly understood. To address this important knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the direct efficacy of BCG against bTB challenge in cattle, and performed scenario analyses with transmission dynamic models incorporating direct and indirect vaccinal effects ("herd-immunity") to assess potential impact on herd level disease control.

A Defined Antigen Skin Test That Enables Implementation of BCG Vaccination for Control of Bovine Tuberculosis: Proof of Concept.

In most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains endemic due to the absence of control programs. This is because successful bTB control and eradication programs have relied on test-and-slaughter strategies that are socioeconomically unfeasible in LMICs. While Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine-induced protection for cattle has long been documented in experimental and field trials, its use in control programs has been precluded by the inability to differentiate BCG-vaccinated from naturally infected animals using the OIE-prescribed purified protein derivative (PPD)-based tuberculin skin tests.

Reconsidering as a proxy for zoonotic tuberculosis: a molecular epidemiological surveillance study.

Background: Zoonotic tuberculosis is defined as human infection with . Although globally, India has the largest number of human tuberculosis cases and the largest cattle population, in which bovine tuberculosis is endemic, the burden of zoonotic tuberculosis is unknown. The aim of this study was to obtain estimates of the human prevalence of animal-associated members of the complex (MTBC) at a large referral hospital in India.

Point of Care Tuberculosis Sero-Diagnosis Kit for Wild Animals: Combination of Proteins for Improving the Diagnostic Sensitivity and Specificity.

Tuberculosis is a significant problem globally for domestic animals as well as captive and free ranging wild life. Rapid point of care (POC) serology kits are well suited for the diagnosis of TB in wild animals. However, wild animals are invariably exposed to environmental non-pathogenic mycobacterium species with the development of cross reacting antibodies.

Antemortem and postmortem examinations of the cattle calf naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.

A male cattle calf was detected as subclinically and naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) by a series of antemortem and postmortem tests. The MAP infection was identified by strong antibody and cell-mediated immune (CMI) response by a commercial ELISA kit and an intradermal Johnin test, respectively, in the initial antemortem examination. The antemortem status of the calf was further confirmed by MAP-specific interferon gamma (IFN-γ) response.

Multi-antigen print immunoassay for seroepidemiological surveillance of bovine tuberculosis on Indian cattle farms.

Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a zoonotic disease that is responsible for significant economic losses in many countries. The standard diagnostic method, the tuberculin test (TST) that is used in control programmes has serious shortcomings and, given the complex nature and the economic impact of the disease, a number of other diagnostic methods have been examined. The authors have attempted to characterise antibody response using the multi-antigen print immunoassay (MAPIA).

Use of ESAT-6-CFP-10 fusion protein in the bovine interferon-gamma ELISPOT assay for diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle.

Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a chronic bacterial disease, and a major animal health problem with zoonotic implications. Screening of mycobacterial infections in bovines is traditionally done using the single intradermal tuberculin test. Though the test is widely used, it has its own disadvantages and they include its inability to distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic mycobacterial infections owing to its low specificity.

Assessment of critical parameters in blood processing for the bovine interferon-gamma ELISPOT assay to detect Mycobacterium bovis infected cattle in India.

In vitro production of bovine interferon gamma (BoIFN-γ) cytokine from bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can be detected using the most sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay. ELISPOT assays are dependent on the quantity and quality of PBMC preparations and hence contribute significantly to the performance of this assay. In order to standardise the methods for isolation of PBMCs, we compared two methods for the processing of bovine blood which included aliquots of blood that were stored in a horizontal position without dilution or agitation and aliquots of blood that were immediately diluted 1:1 with complete Rosewell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium and stored in a horizontal position with gentle agitation.

Serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus by antigen capture-ELISA using monoclonal antibodies and chicken IgY.

Laboratory detection of specific foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is routinely carried out by ELISA and RT-PCR. Identification and serotyping of FMDV by ELISA requires polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits and guinea pigs. The polyclonal antibodies have certain disadvantages such as batch to batch variation, inconsistent yields of antibodies and limited quantity of serum obtained from individual animals.