Improving first responders' perceptions of overdose events and survivors through tailored occupational health-focused training co-facilitated by overdose survivors.

Background: First responders (law enforcement officers, emergency medical services, and firefighters) frequently interact with people who use drugs (PWUD). Based on the nature and outcomes of such encounters, these interactions have the potential either to reduce harm, or perpetuate it. Given increased funding and attention for first responder-led interventions involving PWUD, we must identify the most critical training for improving negative beliefs about these interventions and populations.

The Causes and Consequences of Stigma among Individuals Involved in the Criminal Legal System: A Systematic Review.

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the types of stigmatized attributes that have been assessed and the causes and consequences of stigma for individuals involved in the criminal legal system. PubMed, GoogleScholar, and PsycInfo databases were searched to identify studies for inclusion through March 2021. Eligible studies were peer-reviewed, quantitative, and assessed stigma from the perspective of the person involved in the criminal legal system.

The tale of two Badakhshans: Determinants of access and utilization of HIV preventive services along the Afghan-Tajik border.

Background: Injection of opioids has contributed to growing HIV epidemics in Tajikistan and Afghanistan. This qualitative study explored determinants of access to primary prevention and screening for HIV among people who inject drugs (PWID) residing in border communities of Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan and Badakhshan, Afghanistan.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with PWID, community leaders, and healthcare workers.

De novo transcriptome assembly of a lipoxygenase knock-down strain in the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia arenysensis.

Diatoms are microalgae that live in marine and freshwater environments and are responsible for about 20% of the world's carbon fixation. Population dynamics of these cells is finely regulated by intricate signal transduction systems, in which oxylipins are thought to play a relevant role. These are oxygenated fatty acids whose biosynthesis is initiated by a lipoxygenase enzyme (LOX) and are widely distributed in all phyla, including diatoms.

St. Louis Enhancing Engagement and Retention in HIV/AIDS Care (STEER): a participatory intersectional needs assessment for intervention and implementation planning.

Background Missouri is one of seven priority states identified by the Ending the HIV Epidemic Initiative, and St. Louis contains almost half of the people living with HIV (PLWH) in Missouri. As St.

An evaluation of first responders' intention to refer to post-overdose services following SHIELD training.

Background: First responders [law enforcement officers (LEO) and Fire/Emergency Medical Services (EMS)] can play a vital prevention role, connecting overdose survivors to treatment and recovery services. This study was conducted to examine the effect of occupational safety and harm reduction training on first responders' intention to refer overdose survivors to treatment, syringe service, naloxone distribution, social support, and care-coordination services, and whether those intentions differed by first responder profession.

Methods: First responders in Missouri were trained using the Safety and Health Integration in the Enforcement of Laws on Drugs (SHIELD) model.

Unlocking deflection: The role of supervisor support in police officer willingness to refer people who inject drugs to harm reduction services.

Background: Research is needed that investigates the relationship between police behaviors, attitudes, and perceived supervisor support as an implementation strategy of improving drug policy reforms.

Methods: We hypothesized that officers with more positive attitudes and practices would be more likely to report the perceived support of their supervisors. Data includes a sample of 1227 police officers who completed Project ESCUDO, a police education training program in Tijuana, Mexico.

Incidence of and Factors Associated With Recurrent Firearm Injury Among Patients Presenting to St. Louis Trauma Centers, 2010 to 2019 : A Cohort Study.

Background: Firearm injuries are a public health crisis in the United States.

Objective: To examine the incidence and factors associated with recurrent firearm injuries and death among patients presenting with an acute (index), nonfatal firearm injury.

Design: Multicenter, observational, cohort study.

Technical violations and infractions are drivers of disengagement from methadone treatment among people with opioid use disorder discharged from Connecticut jails 2014-2018.

Background: We investigated the interaction between arrests for technical violations vs. receiving new charges with receiving community-based methadone treatment on time-to reincarceration (TTR) in a cohort of men with opioid use disorder (OUD) released from custody from two Connecticut jails from 2014 to 2018.

Methods: Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated for time to reincarceration for technical violations/infractions, misdemeanors only, felonies only, and both misdemeanors and felonies after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and receiving methadone treatment during incarceration or in the community following release.

Hepatitis D double reflex testing of all hepatitis B carriers in low-HBV- and high-HBV/HDV-prevalence countries.

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection occurs as a coinfection with hepatitis B and increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, decompensated cirrhosis, and mortality compared to hepatitis B virus (HBV) monoinfection. Reliable estimates of the prevalence of HDV infection and disease burden are essential to formulate strategies to find coinfected individuals more effectively and efficiently. The global prevalence of HBV infections was estimated to be 262,240,000 in 2021.

Moderation Analysis of a couple-based HIV/STI Intervention Among Heterosexual Couples in the Criminal Legal System Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, intimate partner violence (IPV) rates have increased in the United States. Although accumulating research has documented the effectiveness of couple-based interventions in reducing HIV/STIs, it remains unclear whether they are effective and safe for couples experiencing IPV. We used moderation analysis from a randomized clinical trial to evaluate whether a couples-based HIV/STI intervention may have differential effectiveness in reducing HIV/STI risks among couples where one or both partners reported experiencing IPV compared to couples without such IPV among a sample of 230 men at risk for HIV/STIs who reported using drugs and were mandated to community supervision settings in New York City and their main female sexual partners.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Pathways to Violent Behavior for Women and Men.

Childhood maltreatment is associated with risk for committing future violence, but the relationship between subgroups and biological sex is unknown. The relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), violence, and sex was examined using a nationally representative sample. Results from a latent class analysis suggested a four-class model (low adversity; moderate maltreatment with high household dysfunction; severe maltreatment with moderate household dysfunction; severe multi-type adversities).

Prospective Validation of Sedation Scale Scores That Identify Light Sedation: A Pilot Study.

Background: Intensive care unit (ICU) sedation guidelines recommend targeting a light sedation level, but light sedation has no accepted definition, and inconsistent levels have been proposed.

Objective: To determine Sedation-Agitation Scale and Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale scores that best describe patients' ability to follow voice commands.

Methods: This prospective, observational pilot study enrolled a convenience sample of ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilation.

Hepatitis C positive organ transplantation to negative recipients at a multiorgan Canadian transplant centre: ready for prime time.

Background: Transplantation offers the best survival for patients with end stage organ disease. Transplant of hepatitis C virus (HCV) nucleic acid test (NAT) positive organs into negative recipients is a novel strategy that can expand the donor pool. We aim to evaluate our centre's experience.

Trade-off between sex and growth in diatoms: Molecular mechanisms and demographic implications.

Diatoms are fast-growing and winning competitors in aquatic environments, possibly due to optimized growth performance. However, their life cycles are complex, heteromorphic, and not fully understood. Here, we report on the fine control of cell growth and physiology during the sexual phase of the marine diatom .

Racial and Ethnic Disparities, Referral Source and Attrition From Outpatient Substance Use Disorder Treatment Among Adolescents in the United States.

The following study examined the association between race, ethnicity, referral source, and reasons for attrition from substance use treatment in a sample of 72,643 discharges of adolescent youth in the United States from 2014 to 2016. Black and Hispanic adolescents were more likely to be discharged due to incarceration and termination by the facility compared to White adolescents. Adolescents referred by probation, diversion, other juvenile justice organizations, health care providers, community agencies, and individual referrals were significantly more likely to be discharged due to incarceration and terminated by the treatment facility compared to youth who were referred by schools.

Association Between Multiple Experiences of Violence and Drug Overdose Among Black Women in Community Supervision Programs in New York City.

Research has documented associations between all types of violence and substance misuse among Black women. However, research has yet to examine how different experiences of violence may be contributing to the surging epidemic of drug overdose among Black women. This study was conducted between 2015 and 2018 among 296 Black women who were mandated to community supervision programs (CSPs) in New York City (NYC).

Assessing the Victimizaton-Offending Hypothesis of Sexual and Non-Sexual Violence in a Nationally Representative Sample of Incarcerated Men in the United States: Implications for Trauma-Informed Practice in Correctional Settings.

Rates of exposure to sexual and non-sexual physical violence and other adverse childhood events are greater among people who are incarcerated with convictions for offenses related to sexual and non-sexual violence compared to other incarcerated populations and the general community. Few studies have differentiated which types of prior adverse experiences are greatest predictors of sexual and non-sexual violent offenses. The following study investigated associations between experiencing sexual abuse as a child or adult; experiencing non-sexual physical violence during childhood, adulthood, or both; having a caretaker who uses drugs; being in foster care; growing up in socioeconomically marginalized conditions; and the likelihood of reporting a prior physical or sexual conviction.

Silencing of a Pseudo-nitzschia arenysensis lipoxygenase transcript leads to reduced oxylipin production and impaired growth.

Because of their importance as chemical mediators, the presence of a rich and varied family of lipoxygenase (LOX) products, collectively named oxylipins, has been investigated thoroughly in diatoms, and the involvement of these products in important processes such as bloom regulation has been postulated. Nevertheless, little information is available on the enzymes and pathways operating in these protists. Exploiting transcriptome data, we identified and characterized a LOX gene, PaLOX, in Pseudo-nitzschia arenysensis, a marine diatom known to produce different species of oxylipins by stereo- and regio-selective oxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at C12 and C15.

ZFP36L2 Role in Thyroid Functionality.

Thyroid hormone levels are usually genetically determined. Thyrocytes produce a unique set of enzymes that are dedicated to thyroid hormone synthesis. While thyroid transcriptional regulation is well-characterized, post-transcriptional mechanisms have been less investigated.

The Ascidia Provides Novel Insights on the Evolution of the AP-1 Transcriptional Complex.

The Activator Protein-1 transcription factor family (AP-1) transcriptional complex is historically defined as an early response group of transcription factors formed by dimeric complexes of the Jun, Fos, Atf, and Maf bZIP proteins that control cell proliferation and differentiation by regulating gene expression. It has been greatly investigated in many model organisms across metazoan evolution. Nevertheless, its complexity and variability of action made its multiple functions difficult to be defined.