Intensive care unit-acquired dysphagia - change in feeding route after a standardized dysphagia assessment in neurocritical care patients.

Background: Dysphagia is a frequent finding on intensive care units (ICUs) and is associated with increased reintubation rates, pneumonia, and prolonged ICU-stay. Only a limited numbers of ICUs have access to a Speech and Language Pathologist (SLP). Hence, it falls upon the critical care team to estimate dysphagia risk and define the safest feeding route.

A genome scan for quantitative trait loci affecting the Salmonella carrier-state in the chicken.

Selection for increased resistance to Salmonella colonisation and excretion could reduce the risk of foodborne Salmonella infection. In order to identify potential loci affecting resistance, differences in resistance were identified between the N and 6(1) inbred lines and two QTL research performed. In an F2 cross, the animals were inoculated at one week of age with Salmonella enteritidis and cloacal swabs were carried out 4 and 5 wk post inoculation (thereafter called CSW4F2 and CSW4F2) and caecal contamination (CAECF2) was assessed 1 week later.

Salmonella carrier state in chicken: comparison of expression of immune response genes between susceptible and resistant animals.

Asymptomatic Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis carrier state in poultry has serious consequences on food safety and public health due to the risks of food poisoning following consumption of contaminated products. An understanding the mechanisms of persistence of Salmonella in the digestive tract of chicken can be achieved by a better knowledge of the defects in the control of infection in susceptible versus resistant animals. The gene expression of innate immune response factors including anti-microbial molecules, inflammatory and anti-infectious cytokines was studied in the caecal lymphoid tissue associated with the carrier state.

Tissue culture assays using Caco-2 cell line differentiate virulent from non-virulent Listeria monocytogenes strains.

Within the group of Listeria sp., only L. monocytogenes is pathogenic for humans and numerous studies of L.

Quantification of experimental Salmonella enteritidis carrier state in B13 leghorn chicks.

Quantification of the carrier state of Salmonella enteritidis in chicks (i.e., persistent asymptomatic association of S.

Comparative histopathology of draining lymph node after infection with virulent or attenuated strains of Salmonella abortusovis in lambs.

Histological responses to the early phase of infection were compared in parotid lymph nodes of lambs infected by the subcutaneous route into the right eyelid with either a virulent or an attenuated strain of Salmonella abortusovis. The right parotid lymph nodes showed a massive PMN infiltration for the first days of infection for both strains. From day 6, the infected lymph nodes developed a lymphoid hyperplasia with prominent germinal centers independent of strain type.

Acquired immunity after primary caseous lymphadenitis in sheep.

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a worldwide disease of sheep and goats and is characterized by development of pyogranulomas in lymph nodes and lungs. Control of this disease by vaccination remains controversial, although toxoid vaccines are now commercially available in some countries. To determine the efficacy of acquired immunity to control CLA, the effect of primary infection on subsequent challenge exposure was investigated.

Kinetics of antibody production against listeriolysin O in sheep with listeriosis.

The kinetics of antibody production against listeriolysin O (LLO), a major virulence factor of the intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, was studied by dot blot analysis with highly purified LLO during oral infection of sheep. Specific antibodies appeared as soon as day 9 of an oral infection and peaked by day 20 of infection; specific antibody levels then remained almost stable for at least 4 months. A subclinical infecting dose (approximately 10(6) viable bacteria) was capable of eliciting a significant antibody response to LLO, almost at the same level as that observed with a high-dose oral challenge (approximately 10(10)).

Histopathology of the early phase during experimental Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in lambs.

Histological responses during experimental Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in lambs were investigated in parotid lymph nodes for ten days following inoculation. Lambs were infected by the subcutaneous route into the right eyelid with a virulent strain of C. pseudotuberculosis.

Experimental Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in lambs: kinetics of bacterial dissemination and inflammation.

Infection and pyogranulomas induced by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis were experimentally reproduced in lambs. In two separate experiments, bacterial multiplication and dissemination were studied in 30 male lambs inoculated subcutaneously into the right ear with 1.1 or 1.

Experimental ovine salmonellosis (Salmonella abortusovis): pathogenesis and vaccination.

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Abortusovis, a sheep-adapted serotype, causes a contagious disease.

Serological and allergic reactions of ewes after simultaneous vaccinations with two living attenuated strains of Brucella and Salmonella.

Four groups of 50 4-6-month old ewe-lambs were vaccinated with 1 or 2 living attenuated vaccines administered simultaneously. One hundred ewe-lambs received B melitensis strain REV 1 vaccine subcutaneously and 100 others received Rev 1 vaccine conjunctivally. In each group, 50 ewe-lambs simultaneously received the S abortusovis strain Rv6 vaccine via a contralateral subcutaneous route.

Vaccinal properties of Salmonella abortusovis mutants for streptomycin: screening with an ovine model.

Living attenuated vaccines may help control infection with Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica ser abortusovis in sheep without constraints incompatible with husbandry. Virulence and immunogenicity of 2 Abortusovis streptomycin-dependent strains and 3 reverse mutants were compared in sheep, the virulent parental strain Abortusovis 15/5 being used as reference. Reduction of virulence with conservation of some immunogenicity was demonstrated for the 5 mutant strains after intravenous or subcutaneous inoculation.

[Persistence of serologic and allergic reactions in ewes after vaccination with the H.38 or Rev.1 vaccines in a brucellosis (Brucella melitensis) enzootic area].

In a flock of 2,000 ewes located in an endemic area of Brucella melitensis infection, subjected to systematic vaccination of lambs either with killed and adjuvanted B. melitensis H.38 vaccine from 1973 to 1978, or with living B.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: biochemical properties, production of toxin and virulence of ovine and caprine strains.

Twenty-two strains of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, the causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis, were isolated from typical abscesses in sheep and goats from flocks in 6 different regions of France and were characterized. These strains were uniform in biochemical characteristics, susceptibility to 8 antimicrobial agents, and virulence for OF1 mice. All these strains produced an exotoxin, identified by inhibition of staphylococcal beta-hemolysin.

Infection with a reduced virulence Listeria monocytogenes strain increases resistance to salmonellosis in mice.

A model to study the non-specific resistance of OF1 mice was standardized using a Listeria monocytogenes strain of reduced virulence to induce this resistance, and a fully virulent Salmonella typhimurium strain (as challenge) to measure it. Dose, route of inoculation and timing were optimized. Kinetics of infection were carried out using Listeria and Salmonella strains respectively, inoculated intravenously and subcutaneously in the hind footpad, in order to minimize the number of dead and uninfected mice.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in adult ewes by inoculation in the external ear.

Caseous lymphadenitis, caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, was studied in ewes to devise a reliable method of induced infection that would help to understand mechanisms by which abscesses develop in lymph nodes or internal organs, especially the lungs. Fifteen adult ewes, from a flock where the occurrence of caseous lymphadenitis was unknown, were inoculated SC in the auricle with various doses of a virulent strain of C pseudotuberculosis. Ewes inoculated with at least 10(8) viable corynebacteria develop a strong local reaction that was apparent 4 hours after challenge exposure and lasted 7 to 14 days.

[Ovine salmonellosis caused by Salmonella abortus ovis].

Salmonella enteritidis subsp. enteritidis ser. abortus ovis, a sheep-adapted serotype, causes a contagious infectious disease with abortion as the main symptom, sometimes accompanied with mortality of lambs.

Conjunctival and intramuscular vaccination of pigs with a live avirulent strain of Salmonella cholerae-suis.

An avirulent mutant strain of Salmonella cholerae-suis was cloned for resistance to streptomycin and nalidixic acid. The mutant strain 33-13 also was used because of its avirulence and immunogenicity in mice. Weaned pigs were vaccinated with live strain 33-13; 5 pigs were vaccinated by conjunctivally administered 5.

Virulence-associated plasmids of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium in experimental murine infection.

The growth pattern of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhimurium (Typhimurium) was studied in mice to examine the role of the 60-Mdal virulence-associated plasmid in the pathogenesis of mouse typhoid. After repeated subcultures at 45 degrees C, isogenic variants harbouring the virulence-associated plasmid (strains C52, TM122 and TM332) or having lost this large plasmid (strains C53, TM123 and TM333) were obtained from three parental strains (strains C5, TM12 and TM33, respectively).

[Experimental infection with Salmonella abortus ovis in rams].

The susceptibility of rams to experimental challenge with Salmonella abortus ovis was investigated by subcutaneous, conjunctival or preputial administration of 1 X 10(10) viable salmonella to 3 groups of 6 adult Préalpes rams. Slaughter and autopsy of 15 rams were made 83 days after challenge. Each of the 3 remaining rams was introduced in 3 groups of 6 salmonellosis-free ewes.

Vaccination of ewes by a single conjunctival administration of Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 vaccine.

In a lot of 99 ewes, the efficacy of a single vaccination by the conjunctival route (VC) with either 1.4 X 10(8) or 1.4 X 10(9) CFU Brucella melitensis Rev.

[Experimental paratuberculosis: biological diagnosis in calves inoculated with strains of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria].

During an experiment on the pathogenicity of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria strains for calf, the kinetics of antibody formation during infection was studied. The progress of cellular immunity was followed by examining delayed hypersensitivity using four allergens (bovine tuberculin HCSM, avian tuberculin HCSM, avian tuberculin PPD, and johnin PPD), and that of humoral immunity using complement fixation test and ELISA. Simultaneously, the elimination of bacilli in the faeces was examined.

[Experimental paratuberculosis: pathogenicity of mycobactin-dependent mycobacteria strains to calves].

The pathogenicity for calves of two strains of wood-pigeon mycobacteria isolated in our laboratory, one strain isolated in the United Kingdom, one strain isolated from a Roe-deer in Denmark and three strains of M. paratuberculosis, were compared. Seven groups of four 3 to 4 week-old calves were infected by the intravenous route using 10(6) to 10(9) viable units.