SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Development of Islet Autoimmunity in Early Childhood.

Importance: The incidence of diabetes in childhood has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Elucidating whether SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with islet autoimmunity, which precedes type 1 diabetes onset, is relevant to disease etiology and future childhood diabetes trends.

Objective: To determine whether there is a temporal relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of islet autoimmunity in early childhood.

Autoantibodies against ATP4A are a feature of the abundant autoimmunity that develops in first-degree relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes.

Objective: Type 1 diabetes is associated with autoantibodies to different organs that include the gut. The objective of the study was to determine the risk of developing gastric parietal cell autoimmunity in relation to other autoimmunity in individuals with a family history of type 1 diabetes.

Methods: Autoantibodies to the parietal cell autoantigen, H /K ATPase subunit A (ATP4A) was measured in 2218 first-degree relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes, who were prospectively followed from birth for a median of 14.

3 Screen islet cell autoantibody ELISA: A sensitive and specific ELISA for the combined measurement of autoantibodies to GAD, to IA-2 and to ZnT8.

3 Screen, a new ELISA for the combined measurement of autoantibodies to GAD, to IA-2 and to ZnT8, has been developed and evaluated. In the assay serum samples were incubated (overnight; 2-8°C) in ELISA plate wells coated with GAD, IA-2 and ZnT8 followed by a wash step and incubation with biotinylated GAD, IA-2 and ZnT8 (1h; 2-8°C,). The assay was completed by addition of streptavidin-peroxidase and tetramethylbenzidine.

3 Screen ELISA for High-Throughput Detection of Beta Cell Autoantibodies in Capillary Blood.

Background: Testing for beta cell autoantibodies is used for wide-scale identification of early stages of type 1 diabetes. This requires suitable screening assays. We aimed to establish screening that utilized a first step assay (3 Screen) able to detect autoantibodies to the target antigens glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD), insulinoma-associated antigen 2 (IA-2), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) to identify children positive for multiple beta cell autoantibodies.

Capillary blood islet autoantibody screening for identifying pre-type 1 diabetes in the general population: design and initial results of the Fr1da study.

Introduction: Type 1 diabetes can be diagnosed at an early presymptomatic stage by the detection of islet autoantibodies. The Fr1da study aims to assess whether early staging of type 1 diabetes (1) is feasible at a population-based level, (2) prevents severe metabolic decompensation observed at the clinical manifestation of type 1 diabetes and (3) reduces psychological distress through preventive teaching and care.

Methods And Analysis: Children aged 2-5 years in Bavaria, Germany, will be tested for the presence of multiple islet autoantibodies.

Islet autoantibody phenotypes and incidence in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes.

Aims/hypothesis: Autoantibodies that precede type 1 diabetes frequently develop in early childhood and target distinct beta cell proteins. The aim of this study was to determine the heterogeneity of islet autoantibody development and fate.

Methods: The ages of development of insulin autoantibodies (IAA) and GAD autoantibodies (GADA), followed by multiple islet autoantibodies and progression to diabetes were examined in 2,441 children participating in two German birth cohorts.

Continuous rise of insulin resistance before and after the onset of puberty in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes - a cross-sectional analysis.

Background: Insulin resistance has been postulated to be linked to the frequent onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) during puberty. Very few studies have investigated the time course of insulin resistance in childhood. To address the question of how insulin resistance develops with age and how this is related to puberty onset, we examined insulin resistance and pubertal development over time in children at increased risk for T1D.

IA-2 autoantibody affinity in children at risk for type 1 diabetes.

Autoantibodies to insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA-2A) are associated with increased risk for type 1 diabetes. Here we examined IA-2A affinity and epitope specificity to assess heterogeneity in response intensity in relation to pathogenesis and diabetes risk in 50 children who were prospectively followed from birth. At first IA-2A appearance, affinity ranged from 10(7) to 10(11)L/mol and was high (>1.